Future Logic - FUTURE LOGIC: 未来逻辑 - 未来的逻辑： Categorical and Conditional Deduction and Induction 明确和条件推导及诱导 of the Natural, Temporal, Extensional, and Logical Modalities . 自然，时间，伸展和逻辑的方式 。 (1990, revised 1996) （ 1990年， 1996年修订）

Future Logic is an original, and wide-ranging treatise of formal logic. 未来的逻辑是一种原始的，和广泛的论文的形式逻辑。 It deals with deduction and induction, of categorical and conditional propositions, involving the natural, temporal, extensional, and logical modalities. 它涉及扣除和上岗，有条件的范畴和命题，涉及自然，时间，伸展，和符合逻辑的方式。 Traditional and Modern logic have covered in detail only formal deduction from actual categoricals, or from logical conditionals (conjunctives, hypotheticals, and disjunctives). 传统与现代逻辑涉及详细唯一正式扣除实际categoricals ，或从逻辑条件（ conjunctives ，假设，并disjunctives ） 。 Deduction from modal categoricals has also been considered, though very vaguely and roughly; whereas deduction from natural, temporal and extensional forms of conditioning has been all but totally ignored. 扣除模态categoricals也被认为，虽然很模糊 ， 大概;而扣除自然，时间和形式的伸展空调所有 ， 但已完全被忽视。 As for induction, apart from the elucidation of adductive processes (the scientific method), almost no formal work has been done. 至于上岗，除了阐明合进程（科学方法） ，几乎没有正式的工作已经完成。

This is the first work ever to strictly formalize the inductive processes of generalization and particularization , through the novel methods of factorial analysis, factor selection and formula revision. 这是有史以来的第一个工作 ， 严格正规化进程的概括归纳和详述 ，通过新颖的方法 ， 因子分析，因子选择和公式修订。 This is the first work ever to develop a formal logic of the natural, temporal and extensional types of conditioning (as distinct from logical conditioning), including their production from modal categorical premises. 这是有史以来第一次的工作 制定一个形式逻辑的自然，时间和伸展类型空调 （有别于逻辑空调） ，包括其生产模式绝对处所。

Future Logic contains a great many other new discoveries, organized into a unified, consistent and empirical system, with precise definitions of the various categories and types of modality (including logical modality), and full awareness of the epistemological and ontological issues involved. 未来的逻辑中包含了许多其他新的发现，组织成一个统一的，一致的和经验的系统，准确的定义的不同类别和种类的方式（包括合理的方式） ，并充分认识到认识论和本体论的问题。 Though strictly formal, it uses ordinary language, wherever symbols can be avoided. 虽然严格的正式的，它使用普通的语言，无论在何处符号是可以避免的。 Among its other contributions: 除其他的贡献：   a full list of the valid modal syllogisms (which is more restrictive than previous lists); the main formalities of the logic of change (which introduces a dynamic instead of merely static approach to classification); the first formal definitions 完整清单的有效模式syllogisms （这是比以往更严格的名单） ;的主要手续的逻辑变化 （其中提出了一个动态的 ， 而非仅仅是静态的方法来分类） ;的第一次正式定义 of the modal types of causality ; a new theory of class logic , free of the Russell Paradox; as well as a critical review of modern metalogic. 模态类型的 因果关系 ;一个新的理论 ， 逻辑级 ，自由的罗素悖论，以及严谨的审查 ， 现代metalogic 。 But it is impossible to list briefly all the innovations in logical science -- and therefore, epistemology and ontology -- this book presents; it has to be read for its scope to be appreciated. 但不可能列出所有的简要逻辑科学创新-因此，认识论和本体论-这本书的介绍，它是要为它的范围是赞赏。

Phenomenology - PHENOMENOLOGY: Basing Knowledge On Appearance. (2003; expanded 2005) 现象学 - 现象学： 基于知识的外观。 （ 2003年扩大2005 ）

Phenomenology is the study of appearance as such. 现象学是研究外观等。 It is a branch of both Ontology and Epistemology, since appearing is being known. 它是一个分支都本体论和认识论，因为目前已知的出现。 By an 'appearance' is meant any existent which impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it be 'real' or 'illusory.' 由一个'外观'是指任何存在的侵害意识，什么都认定，不论任何判断是否是真正的'或'虚幻。 The evaluation of a particular appearance as a reality or an illusion is a complex process, involving inductive and deductive logical principles and activities. 评价某一特定外观作为一个现实或幻想是一个复杂的过程，包括归纳和演绎逻辑的原则和活动。 Opinion has to earn the status of strict knowledge. 舆论赚取的地位 ， 严格知识。

Knowledge develops from appearances , which may be: (a) objects of perception , ie concretes or phenomena in the physical or mental domains; (b) objects of intuition , ie one's subjective self, cognitions, volitions and valuations; and/or (c) objects of conception , ie simple or complex abstracts of preceding appearances. 知识开发从外表 ，这可能是： （一）物体的看法 ，即混凝土或现象在身体或精神上的领域; （二）物体的直觉 ，即人的主观自我，认知，意志和估值;和/或（ c ）物体的概念 ，即简单或复杂的摘要前露面。 Abstraction relies on apprehensions of sameness and difference between appearances (including received or projected appearances, and projected negations of appearances). 依靠抽象理解同一性和差异表现（包括收到的或预计的表现，并预计否定的表现） 。 Coherence in knowledge (perceptual, intuitive and conceptual) is maintained by apprehensions of compatibility or incompatibility. 连贯性知识（知觉，直观和概念）是由恐惧相容或不相容的。 Words facilitate our construction of conceptual knowledge, thanks to their intentionality. 话有助于我们建设的概念上的知识，由于他们的意向。 The abstract concepts most words intend are common characters or behaviors of particulars (concrete material, mental or subjective experiences). Granting everything in the world is reducible to waves, 'universals' would be equalities or proportionalities in the measures of the features, motions and interrelations of particular waves. 抽象的概念的话打算是最常见的字符或行为的详情（具体物质，精神或主观经验） 。给予世界上的一切是还原浪潮， '共性'将等式或proportionalities的措施的特点，提出动议和相互特别波。 Such a theory of universals would elucidate sensation and memory. 这种理论的普遍性将阐明的感觉和记忆。

In attempting to retrace the development of conceptual knowledge from experience, we may refer to certain major organizing principles. 在试图探寻发展的概念上的知识经验，我们可能会提到某些重要的组织原则。 It is also important to keep track of the order of things in such development, interrelating specific concepts and specific experiences. 同样重要的是 ， 跟踪秩序的东西 ， 这种发展， interrelating具体的概念和具体经验。 By proposing a precise sequence of events, we avoid certain logical fallacies and are challenged to try and answer certain crucial questions in more detail. 提出了精确的一系列事件，我们避免某些逻辑谬论和面临的挑战 ， 试图回答某些关键问题的更多细节。 Many more topics are discussed in the present collection of essays, including selfhood, adduction and other logical issues, the status of mathematical concepts and theology. 还有更多的主题是讨论在本散文集，包括自我，内收和其他逻辑问题，数学的地位 ， 概念和理论。

Judaic Logic - JUDAIC LOGIC 犹太教逻辑 - 犹太逻辑 : ：   A Formal Analysis of Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic . 形式化分析圣经，塔木德和拉比逻辑 。 (1995, Slatkine 1997) （ 1995年， Slatkine 1997 ）

Judaic Logic is an original inquiry into the forms of thought determining Jewish law and belief, from the impartial perspective of a logician. Judaic Logic attempts to honestly estimate the extent to which the logic employed within Judaism fits into the general norms, and whether it has any contributions to make to them . The author ranges far and wide in Jewish lore, finding clear evidence of both inductive and deductive reasoning in the Torah and other books of the Bible, and analyzing the methodology of the Talmud and other Rabbinic literature by means of formal tools which make possible its objective evaluation with reference to scientific logic. 犹太教Logic是原始调查形式的思想确定犹太法律和信仰，从公正的角度看一个logician 。 犹太教逻辑 试图诚实地估计到什么程度逻辑雇用犹太教符合的一般准则，以及有否任何捐款 ， 使他们 。作者范围甚广的犹太传说，找到明确的证据都归纳和演绎推理的律法和其他的书籍 ， 圣经和分析的方法塔尔穆德和其他拉比文学的手段正式的工具 ， 能够客观评价其参考的科学逻辑。 The result is a highly innovative work - incisive and open, free of clichés or manipulation. 其结果是一个高度创新的工作-深刻和开放，自由的陈词滥调或操纵。

Judaic Logic succeeds in translating vague and confusing interpretative principles and examples into formulas with the clarity and precision of Aristotelean syllogism. 犹太教逻辑成功翻译模糊和混乱的解释性原则和例子到公式的清晰和准确的Aristotelean三段论。 Among the positive outcomes, for logic in general, are a thorough listing, analysis and validation of the various forms of a-fortiori argument , as well as a clarification of dialectic logic . However, on the negative side, this demystification of Talmudic/Rabbinic modes of thought (hermeneutic and heuristic) reveals most of them to be, contrary to the boasts of orthodox commentators, far from deductive and certain. 其中的积极成果，在一般的逻辑，是一个彻底的上市，分析和验证的各种形式的，何况论点 ，以及澄清辩证逻辑 。然而，在消极的一面，这demystification的塔木德/拉比思维方式（诠释学和启发式）发现其中大部分是中，这违背了拥有正统评论家，远离演绎和某些。 They are often, legitimately enough, inductive. 他们常常不够合理，归纳。 But they are also often unnatural and arbitrary constructs, supported by unverifiable claims and fallacious techniques. 但他们也往往不自然和任意结构的支持下，核实债权和荒谬的技术。

Many other thought-processes, used but not noticed or discussed by the Rabbis, are identified in this treatise, and subjected to logical review. 其他许多发人深省的进程，但没有发现使用或讨论的拉比，确定了本论文，并受到逻辑审查。 Various more or less explicit Rabbinic doctrines, which have logical significance, are also examined in it. 各种或多或少明确拉比学说，这合乎逻辑的意义，还审查了。 In particular, this work includes a formal study of the ethical logic (deontology) found in Jewish law, to elicit both its universal aspects and its peculiarities. 尤其是，这项工作包括了正式研究的伦理逻辑 （义务论）发现犹太法律，以争取其普遍性的问题和它的特殊性。 With regard to Biblical studies, one notable finding is an explicit formulation (which, however, the Rabbis failed to take note of and stress) of the principles of adduction [2] in the Torah, written long before the acknowledgement of these principles in Western philosophy and their assimilation in a developed theory of knowledge. Another surprise is that, in contrast to Midrashic claims, the Tanakh (Jewish Bible) contains a lot more than ten instances of qal vachomer (a-fortiori) reasoning. 关于圣经的研究，一个值得注意的结果是一个明确的制定（其中，然而，拉比没有注意到和应力） 的原则 ， 内收 [ 2 ]中的律法，书面前不久承认这些原则在西方哲学和他们的同化理论在一个发达的知识。另一个意外是，在对比Midrashic索赔， Tanakh （犹太圣经）包含了很多超过10个实例堡vachomer （一何况）推理。

In sum, Judaic Logic elucidates and evaluates the epistemological assumptions which have generated the Halakhah (Jewish religious jurisprudence) and allied doctrines. 总之， 犹太教逻辑阐释和评价认识论假设产生的哈拉哈（犹太宗教法理学）和专职理论。 Traditional justifications, or rationalizations, concerning Judaic law and belief, are carefully dissected and weighed at the level of logical process and structure, without concern for content. 传统的理由，或合理化，有关法律和信仰犹太教，仔细解剖 ， 体重级别的逻辑进程和结构，不关心的内容。 This foundational approach, devoid of any critical or supportive bias, clears the way for a timely reassessment of orthodox Judaism (and incidentally, other religious systems, by means of analogies or contrasts). Judaic Logic ought, therefore, to be read by all Halakhists, as well as Bible and Talmud scholars and students; and also by everyone interested in the theory, practise and history of logic. 这一基本方针，没有任何偏见的关键或支持，扫清了道路及时重新评估正统犹太教（并顺便说一句，其他宗教系统，通过类比或对比） 。 犹太教逻辑应该因此，读取所有Halakhists ，以及圣经和犹太法典学者和学生，还每个人感兴趣的是理论，实践和历史的逻辑。

Buddhist Illogic - BUDDHIST ILLOGIC : A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna's Arguments. 佛教不合逻辑 - 佛教不合逻辑：一个批判的分析Nagarjuna的论点。 (2002) （ 2002 ）

The 2nd Century CE Indian philosopher Nagarjuna founded the Madhyamika (Middle Way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, which strongly influenced Chinese, Korean and Japanese (Ch'an or Zen) Buddhism, as well as Tibetan Buddhism. 行政长官二世纪的印度哲学家Nagarjuna成立了中观（中间道路）学校的大乘佛教，这强烈地影响中国，韩国和日本（禅或禅）佛教，以及藏传佛教。 Nagarjuna is regarded by many Buddhist writers to this day as a very important philosopher, who they claim definitively proved the futility of ordinary human cognitive means. Nagarjuna是许多人认为 ， 佛教的作家 ， 以这一天为一个非常重要的哲学家，谁最终证明他们声称是徒劳的普通的人类认知的手段。 His writings include a series of arguments purporting to show the illogic of logic, the absurdity of reason . 他的著作包括了一系列的争论看来显示不合逻辑的逻辑，荒唐的理由 。 He considers this the way to verbalize and justify the Buddhist doctrine of “emptiness” ( Shunyata ). These arguments attack some of the basic tenets and techniques of reasoning, such as the laws of thought (identity, non-contradiction and the excluded middle), conceptualization and predication, our common assumptions of self, entities and essences, as well as our beliefs in motion and causation. 他认为 ， 这种办法verbalize和理由佛法的“空虚” （ Shunyata ） 。这些论点攻击的一些基本原理和技术的推理，如法律思想（身份，非矛盾和排除中东） ，概念化和预测，我们共同的假设的自我，实体和本质，以及我们的信念和因果关系的议案。

The present essay demonstrates the many sophistries involved in Nagarjuna's arguments. 本论文展示了许多诡辩参与Nagarjuna的论点。 He uses double standards, applying or ignoring the laws of thought and other norms as convenient to his goals; he manipulates his readers, by giving seemingly logical form (like the dilemma) to his discourse, while in fact engaged in non-sequiturs or appealing to doubtful premises; he plays with words, relying on unclear terminology, misleading equivocations and unfair fixations of meaning; and he 'steals concepts', using them to deny the very percepts on which they are based. Although a critique of the Madhyamika philosophical interpretation and defense of “emptiness”, Buddhist Illogic is not intended to dissuade readers from Buddhism. 他 使用双重标准，运用或无视法律的思想和其他规范作为方便他的目标;他操纵他的读者，使看似逻辑形式（如难题） ，以他的话语，但实际上从事非推断或有吸引力对可疑处所;他打的话，依靠明确的术语，误导含糊和不公平的录制品的含义;和他'抢断概念' ，利用他们否认非常percepts其所依据。虽然批判观哲学解读和国防的“空虚” ，佛教不合逻辑并不打算阻止读者从佛教。 On the contrary, its aim to enhance personal awareness of actual cognitive processes, and so improve meditation. 相反，其目的是加强个人的认识 ， 实际认知过程，因此改善冥想。 It is also an excellent primer on phenomenological epistemology. 这也是一个很好的现象引认识论。

The Logic of Causation - Causal Logic: THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION. ( 1999, Revised and expanded 2003) 因果关系的逻辑 - 因果逻辑：逻辑的因果关系。 （ 1999年修订和扩展2003 ）

The Logic of Causation is a treatise of formal logic and of aetiology. 因果关系的逻辑是论文的形式逻辑和病因。 It is an original and wide-ranging investigation of the definition of causation (deterministic causality) in all its forms, and of the deduction and induction of such forms . This study is part of a larger work on causal logic, which additionally treats volition and allied cause-effect relations. 它是一种原始和广泛调查的定义 ， 因果关系（决定性的因果关系）的各种形式，并在扣除和诱导这种形式 。这项研究是一个更大的工作因果逻辑，此外对待的意志和盟军的因果关系。 Starting with the paradigm of causation, its most obvious and strongest form, we can by abstraction of its defining components distinguish four genera of causation, or generic determinations, namely: complete, partial, necessary and contingent causation. 首先是模式的因果关系，其最明显和最强烈的形式，我们可以通过抽象的定义组件区分四个属的因果关系，或一般的确定，即：完成后，局部的，必要的和有因果关系。 When these genera and their negations are combined together in every which way, and tested for consistency, it is found that only four species of causation, or specific determinations, remain conceivable. 当这些属其否定是结合在一起的方式在每一个和一致性测试，发现只有4种因果关系，或具体的决定，仍然可以想象。

The concept of causation thus gives rise to a number of positive and negative propositional forms, which can be studied in detail with relative ease because they are compounds of conjunctive and conditional propositions whose properties are already well known to logicians. 因果关系的概念 ， 从而引起了一些积极和消极的命题形式，它可以详细研究了相对容易 ， 因为它们的化合物的连接和有条件的命题 ， 其性能已经众所周知的名家。 The logical relations (oppositions) between the various determinations (and their negations) are investigated, as well as their respective implications (eductions). 逻辑关系（反对派）之间的各种决定（及其否定）的调查，以及它们各自的影响（ eductions ） 。 Thereafter, their interactions (in syllogistic reasoning) are treated in the most rigorous manner. 此后，他们的相互作用（在三段论推理）的处理最严格的方式进行。 The question we try to answer here is: is (or when is) the cause of a cause of something itself a cause of that thing, and if so to what degree? The figures and moods of positive causative syllogism are listed exhaustively; and the resulting arguments validated or invalidated, as the case may be. 这个问题 ， 我们试图回答是： 是（或当是）的原因造成的东西本身就是一种事业 ， 那件事，如果是的话到什么程度？的数字和情绪的积极使役三段论列出详尽;和造成论点验证或无效，视情况而定。 In this context, a universal and sure method of evaluation called 'matricial analysis' is developed. 在此背景下，一项普遍的 ， 肯定的评价方法的所谓' matricial分析'是发达国家。 Because this (initial) method is cumbersome, it is used as little as possible; the remaining cases being evaluated by means of reduction. 因为这（初次）方法繁琐，这是用尽可能少;其余案件正在评价手段减少。

The Logic of Causation thus deals with the main technicalities relating to reasoning about causation. 因果关系的逻辑从而涉及的主要技术问题有关的推理因果关系。 Some issues are, however, left unresolved in this first phase, because the ( macroanalytic ) methods introduced thus far are inadequate to resolve them. 有些问题，但得不到解决在第一阶段，因为（ macroanalytic ）方法介绍迄今不足以解决这些问题。 In a later phase, when more precise ( microanalytic ) methods are introduced, all such outstanding questions are systematically answered. 在以后的阶段，更精确（ microanalytic ）的方法介绍，所有这些悬而未决的问题有系统地回答。 Once all the deductive characteristics of causation in all its forms have been treated, we are able to discuss more intelligently its epistemological and ontological status – how it is induced, how far it is applicable, and so forth. 当所有的演绎特色的因果关系的各种形式接受了治疗，我们能够讨论更加智能化的认识论和本体论的地位-它是如何引起的，在多大程度上适用，等等。 In this context, past theories of causation can be reviewed and evaluated. 在此背景下，过去的因果理论可以审查和评价。 Some of the issues involved here, however, can only be dealt with in a larger perspective, after volition and other aspects of causality have been duly investigated. 有些涉及的问题在这里，但是，只能处理一个更大的角度来看，在意志和其他方面的因果关系已正式调查。

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts - Causal Logic: VOLITIONAND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS. (2004 ) 意志和盟军因果概念 - 因果逻辑： VOLITIONAND属因果的概念。 （ 2004 ）

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of aetiology and metapsychology. 意志和盟军因果概念是一个工作的病因和metapsychology 。 Aetiology is the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the study of causality (the cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and metapsychology is the study of the basic concepts common to all psychological discourse, most of which are causal. 病因是分支哲学和逻辑专门研究的因果关系（的因果关系）的各种形式;和metapsychology是研究的基本概念共同的心理话语，其中大部分是因果。

Volition (or free will) is to be distinguished from causation and natural spontaneity. The latter categories, ie deterministic causality and its negation, have been treated in a separate work, The Logic of Causation . 意志 （或自由意志）有别于因果关系和自然的自发性。后者类别，即确定性的因果关系及其否定，经治疗后已在一个单独的工作， 逻辑的因果关系 。 Volition may be characterized as personal causality, a relation between an agent (the self or soul) and his actions (acts of will). 意志的特征可说是个人的因果关系，一个关系的代理人（或灵魂的自我）和他的行动（行为会） 。 Unlike causation, this relation cannot be entirely defined using conditional (if–then) propositions. 不同的因果关系，这种关系不能完全确定的使用条件（如，然后）命题。 Although we can say that the agent is a sine qua non of his actions, we cannot say that the agent is invariably (in all or specific circumstances) followed by his actions. 虽然我们可以说 ， 经纪人是一个必要条件 ， 他的行动，我们不能说是必然的代理人（在所有或特定的情况下） ，其次是他的行动。 It appears that both an act of will and its negation remain possible to a soul in any given set of circumstances. 看来 ， 双方的行为将其否定仍然可能灵魂在任何给定的情况下。 This defines freedom of the will, and implies the responsibility of the agent for his actions. 这一定义自由意志，意味着责任的代理人为自己的行为。 Introspection provides knowledge of particular acts of will. 反思知识的特别规定行为的意愿。

The existence of freewill implies a distinction between necessary causation (determinism independent of volition) and inertial causation (determinism, except when some contrary will interferes). 自由意志的存在 ， 意味着区分必要的因果关系（独立的意志决定）和惯性的因果关系（决定，除非一些相反会干扰） 。 An act of will occurs on a spiritual plane. 意志的行为发生在精神上。 It may have natural (mental or physical) consequences; those that inevitably follow it may be regarded as directly willed, whereas those that vary according to circumstances must be considered indirectly willed. 它可能已自然（精神或身体）的后果;那些不可避免地关注它可被视为直接意志，而根据不同的情况下 ， 必须考虑间接意志。 Volition presupposes some degree of consciousness. 自愿的前提一定程度的意识。 So-called involuntary acts of will involve a minimum of attention, whereas mindful acts are fully conscious. 所谓的自愿行为 ， 将涉及最低限度的注意，而念及行为充分意识到。 Even pure whim involves intention. 即使是纯粹的心血来潮涉及的意图。 Most volitions moreover involve valuation, some sort of projection of goals, deliberation on means, choice and decision. 最意志此外涉及估价，某种预测的目标，讨论的方式，选择和决定。 To judge responsibility, various distinctions are called for, like that between intentional, incidental and accidental consequences. 以法官的责任，区分不同的要求，如有意之间，偶然和意外的后果。

Volitional action can be affected through the terms and conditions of the world surrounding its agent, but also more intimately through the influence of concrete or abstract aspects of that world that the subject has cognized. 意志行动都可能受到影响的条款和条件的世界周围其代理人，而且还通过更密切的影响 ， 具体或抽象的方面 ， 世界的主题已经认定。 The causal concept of influence , and its implication of cognition (of inner or outer information, including emotions), are crucial to measuring the effort involved in volition. Influences make willing easier or harder, yet do not curtail its essential freedom. 因果观念的影响 ，其意义认知（内部或外部的信息，包括情绪） ，是至关重要的衡量努力参与意志。影响作出愿意容易或困难，但不限制其基本自由。 All the causal concepts used in psychological explanation – affections, appetites, instincts, habits, obsessions, compulsions, urges and impulses – can be elucidated thanks to this important finding. 所有的因果概念用于心理解释-感情，欲望，本能，习惯，强迫，冲动，敦促和冲动-可阐明由于采取了这一重要的发现。 Much of human (and animal) behavior can thus be both acknowledged as volitional and as variously influenced. 大部分的人（和动物）的行为 ， 因此 ， 可以确认为双方的意志和不同的影响。

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally resolving philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in psychology. 意志和盟军因果概念是一个雄心勃勃的工作范围，打算最终解决哲学和逻辑的问题 ， 一直阻碍进步心理学。 It clarifies the structure and workings of the psyche, facilitating hygienic and therapeutic endeavors. 它阐明了结构和运作的心灵，促进卫生和治疗工作。 The relation between volition and physical laws is discussed, as is the place of volition in biology. 意志之间的关系和物理定律的讨论，这是因为地方的意志在生物学。 Concepts used in biology, analogous to that of purpose, are incidentally analyzed. 所用概念生物学，类似的目的，是偶然分析。 Theological issues are also dealt with, as are some topics in ethics and law. 神的问题还涉及到，因为有一些主题的道德和法律。

Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: Sundry notes and essays on Logic. (2005) Ruminations - RUMINATIONS ：杂笔记和散文的逻辑。 （ 2005 ）

Ruminations is a collection of sundry notes and essays on Logic. Ruminations是一家集和散文杂注意到逻辑。 These complement and enrich the author's past writings, further analyzing or reviewing certain issues. 这些补充和丰富的作者过去的著作，进一步分析或审查的某些问题。 Among the many topics covered are: the importance of the laws of thought, and how they are applied using the logic of paradox; details of formal logic, including some important new insights on the nesting, merger and splitting up of hypothetical propositions ; details of causal logic, including analogical reasoning from cause to cause; a phenomenological analysis of negation . 在众多议题是：重要的法律思想，以及他们如何使用适用的逻辑悖论;细节形式逻辑，其中包括一些重要的新见解的巢，合并和分裂的假设命题 ;细节因果逻辑，包括类比推理的事业造成一个现象学分析的否定 。

Additionally, this volume is used to publish a number of notes and essays previously only posted in the Internet site www.TheLogician.net, including: a thoroughly revised version of an essay on JS Mill's Methods ; various addenda and diagrams for Judaic Logic, as well as a historical essay; a brief analysis of Islamic logic . 此外，这个量是用于出版的若干说明和散文以前只张贴在因特网网站www.TheLogician.net ，其中包括：彻底修订版的一篇文章对爵士轧机的方法 ;各增编和图表的犹太逻辑，因为以及历史散文;浅析伊斯兰逻辑 。

Meditations - MEDITATIONS: A Spiritual Logbook. ( 2006) 沉思 - 沉思：一种精神日志。 （ 2006 ）

A meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase awareness , sustained over some time. 冥想是一种自愿演习旨在提高认识 ，持续一段时间。 The main purpose of the present Meditations is to inspire and assist readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular 'sitting meditation'. 的主要目的 ， 本沉思是激励和帮助读者实践某种冥想，尤其是'坐着冥想。 This includes practices such as: observing the mechanisms of one's thinking, stopping unnecessary thought, forgetting things about one's self and one's life that are irrelevant to the current effort of meditation, dealing with distractions, becoming aware of one's breath, being here and now. 这包括做法 ， 如：观察机制一个人的思维，停止不必要的思想，忘记事情一个人的自我和自己的生活无关 ， 这是当前努力的冥想，处理分心，意识到自己的呼吸，而现在在这里。

After such practice for some time, one gets to realize the value of meditation, and one's commitment to it grows. 这种做法后 ， 一段时间以来，人们得到实现的价值 ， 冥想，和自己的承诺 ， 它的增长。 The need for behavioral improvement becomes more and more obvious, and one finds it easy and natural to put more discipline into one's life. 需要改进的行为变得越来越明显，我们会发现很容易和自然把更多的纪律到人的生命。 Various recommendations are given in this regard.  Prior to such practical guidance, so as to prepare the reader for it, the book reviews the theoretical teachings relating to meditation in the main traditions of mankind. 各项建议中给出了这方面的工作。之前 ， 这种切合实际的指导，以便准备为它的读者，这本书回顾了理论教学与冥想的主要传统的人类。 The ultimate goals of meditation, the various methods or techniques used to achieve them, the experiential results of meditation, and the interpretations given to them, are topics treated here. 的最终目标 ， 冥想，各种方法或技术来实现这些目标，经验结果打坐，并解释给他们，在这里治疗的议题。

Logical and Spiritual Reflections - LOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL REFLECTIONS. ( 2008) 逻辑和精神的几点思考 - 逻辑和精神的反思。 （ 2008年）

A collection of shorter philosophical works, in two parts. 集合较短哲学著作，分为两个部分。

The first part, consisting of Logical Reflections, includes: 第一部分，包括逻辑思考，包括：

Hume's Problems with Induction , which is intended to describe and refute some of the main doubts and objections David Hume raised with regard to inductive reasoning. 休谟问题的感应 ，其目的是描述和驳斥一些主要的怀疑和反对大卫休谟提出的关于归纳推理。 It replaces the so-called problem of induction with a principle of induction. 它取代了所谓的问题 ， 诱导的原则上岗。 David Hume's notorious skepticism was based on errors of observation and reasoning, with regard to induction, causation, necessity, the self and freewill. 大卫休谟的臭名昭著的怀疑是基于错误的观察和推理，就上岗，因果关系，必要性，自我和自由意志。 These are here pointed out and critically analyzed in detail – and more accurate and logical theories are proposed. 这些都是在这里指出 ， 认真进行了详细分析-和更准确和符合逻辑的理论建议。 The present work also includes refutations of Hempel's and Goodman's alleged paradoxes of induction. 目前的工作还包括反驳的亨普尔和古德曼据称矛盾的感应。

A Short Critique of Kant's Unreason , which is a brief critical analysis of some of the salient epistemological and ontological ideas and theses in Immanuel Kant's famous Critique of Pure Reason. 短批判康德的非理性 ，这是一个简短的批判性分析的一些显着的认识论和本体论的思想和论文康德著名的纯粹理性批判。 It shows that Kant was in no position to criticize reason, because he neither sufficiently understood its workings nor had the logical tools needed for the task. 这表明 ， 康德没有资格批评的理由，因为他既没有充分理解它的运作 ， 也没有必要的逻辑工具的任务。 Kant's transcendental reality, his analytic-synthetic dichotomy, his views on experience and concept formation, and on the forms of sensibility (space and time) and understanding (his twelve categories), are here all subjected to rigorous logical evaluation and found deeply flawed – and more coherent theories are proposed in their stead. 康德的先验的现实，他的分析，合成的二分法，他的看法的经验和概念的形成，以及各种形式的敏感性（空间和时间）和理解（他的12类） ，在这里都受到严格的合乎逻辑的评价 ， 发现严重缺陷-和更一致的理论 ， 提出在而起。

In Defense of Aristotle's Laws of Thought , which addresses, from a phenomenological standpoint, numerous modern and Buddhist objections and misconceptions regarding the basic principles of Aristotelian logic. Many people seem to be attacking Aristotle's Laws of Thought nowadays, some coming from the West and some from the East. 国防亚里士多德的法律思想 ，处理，从现象学的角度来看，许多现代和佛教方面的反对和误解的基本原则 ， 亚里士多德的逻辑。许多人看来是攻击亚里士多德的法律思想如今，一些来自西方国家和一些从东。 It is important to review and refute such ideas as they arise. 重要的是要审查和驳斥这种想法 ， 因为它们产生。

The second part, consisting of Spiritual Reflections, includes: 第二部分，包括精神的思考，包括：

More Meditations , which is a sequel to the author's earlier work, Meditations . 更多沉思 ，这是一个续集作者的早期工作， 沉思 。 It proposes additional practical methods and theoretical insights relating to meditation and Buddhism. 它建议增加的实际方法和理论见解有关打坐和佛教。 It also discusses certain often glossed over issues relating to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism, importation to the West. 此外 ， 还讨论往往掩盖了某些有关的问题佛-值得注意的是，历史性，拜偶像，弥赛亚，进口到西方。

Zen Judaism , which is a frank reflection on the tensions between reason and faith in today's context of knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation into Judaism. 禅宗犹太教 ，这是一个坦诚的思考之间的紧张关系理性与信仰在今天的背景知识，以及需要注入禅宗样打坐到犹太教。 This work also treats some issues in ethics and theodicy. 这项工作还处理一些问题的道德和theodicy 。

No to Sodom , which is an essay against homosexuality, using biological, psychological, spiritual, ethical and political arguments. 没有向所多玛 ，这是一篇对同性恋，利用生物，心理，精神，道德和政治论点。

Other Writings - 其他著作 -

Various notes and essays in English and French. 各种说明和论文的英文和法文。 Previews and other temporary postings, .pdf files for download, etc. 预览和其他临时张贴， 。 pdf 文件下载等