Future Logic - FUTURE LOGIC: Budućnost Logic - BUDUĆNOST logike: Categorical and Conditional Deduction and Induction Kategorican i uvjetnih odbitak i Indukcija of the Natural, Temporal, Extensional, and Logical Modalities . od prirodne, vremenski, ekstenzijski, logičan Modaliteti. (1990, revised 1996) (1990, revidiran 1996)

Future Logic is an original, and wide-ranging treatise of formal logic. Budućnost Logic je originalno, a širok traktat formalne logike. It deals with deduction and induction, of categorical and conditional propositions, involving the natural, temporal, extensional, and logical modalities. Ona se bavi odbitak i indukciju, od kategorican i uvjetnih prijedloge, koja uključuje prirodne, vremenski, ekstenzijski, logičan modaliteta. Traditional and Modern logic have covered in detail only formal deduction from actual categoricals, or from logical conditionals (conjunctives, hypotheticals, and disjunctives). Tradicionalna i moderna logika detaljno su pokriveni samo formalna odbitak od stvarnih categoricals ili logički conditionals (conjunctives, hypotheticals i disjunctives). Deduction from modal categoricals has also been considered, though very vaguely and roughly; whereas deduction from natural, temporal and extensional forms of conditioning has been all but totally ignored. Odbitak od modalan categoricals također je uzeti u obzir, iako jako maglovito i okvirno; dok odbitak od prirodnih, vremenske i ekstenzijski oblicima uređaj, ali je sve potpuno zanemareni. As for induction, apart from the elucidation of adductive processes (the scientific method), almost no formal work has been done. Kao za indukciju, uz objašnjenje od adductive procesa (znanstvena metoda), gotovo bez formalnog rada je urađeno.

This is the first work ever to strictly formalize the inductive processes of generalization and particularization , through the novel methods of factorial analysis, factor selection and formula revision. Ovo je prvo djelo ikad strogo formalizovati u induktivan procesima generalizacija i particularization, kroz roman metode faktorijalni analiza, faktor za odabir i reviziju formula. This is the first work ever to develop a formal logic of the natural, temporal and extensional types of conditioning (as distinct from logical conditioning), including their production from modal categorical premises. Ovo je prvo djelo ikad razviti formalne logike prirodne, vremenske i ekstenzijski vrste uređaj (kao što razlikuje od logički uređaj), uključujući i svoju proizvodnju iz modalan kategorican prostora.

Future Logic contains a great many other new discoveries, organized into a unified, consistent and empirical system, with precise definitions of the various categories and types of modality (including logical modality), and full awareness of the epistemological and ontological issues involved. Budućnost Logic sadrži veliku mnogim drugim novim otkrićima, organizirane u jedinstven, konzistentan i empirijskog sustava, s preciznim definicijama različitih kategorija i tipova modalitet (uključujući logičke modalitet) i punu svijest o ontologijski i epistemološka pitanja. Though strictly formal, it uses ordinary language, wherever symbols can be avoided. Iako strogo formalni, koristi običnim jezikom, gdje god se simboli mogu se izbjeći. Among its other contributions: Između ostalog doprinose:   a full list of the valid modal syllogisms (which is more restrictive than previous lists); the main formalities of the logic of change (which introduces a dynamic instead of merely static approach to classification); the first formal definitions potpuni popis važećoj modalan syllogisms (koja je restriktivna više nego prethodne liste); glavni formalnosti od logike promjene (koji uvodi dinamičan, umjesto samo statičkih pristupa klasifikaciji); prve formalne definicije of the modal types of causality ; a new theory of class logic , free of the Russell Paradox; as well as a critical review of modern metalogic. od modalnih tipova kauzalnost; novu teoriju klasa logike, besplatno je Russell Paradox, kao i kritički pregled suvremenih metalogic. But it is impossible to list briefly all the innovations in logical science -- and therefore, epistemology and ontology -- this book presents; it has to be read for its scope to be appreciated. Ali nemoguće je popis ukratko sve inovacije u logičke nauke - i zato, epistemologija i ontologija - ta knjiga predstavlja, ona se mora pročitati za svoj djelokrug treba poštovati.

Phenomenology - PHENOMENOLOGY: Basing Knowledge On Appearance. (2003; expanded 2005) Phenomenology - PHENOMENOLOGY: Temeljeći znanja o izgledu. (2003; proširena 2005)

Phenomenology is the study of appearance as such. Phenomenology je proučavanje pojava kao takva. It is a branch of both Ontology and Epistemology, since appearing is being known. To je grana ontologija i oba Epistemologija, jer se pojavljuju poznata. By an 'appearance' is meant any existent which impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it be 'real' or 'illusory.' Od strane 'izgled' je bilo koji impinges na kojem postoji svijest, ništa cognized, bez obzira na bilo koju presudu o tome da li se to 'stvarne' ili 'iluzornim. The evaluation of a particular appearance as a reality or an illusion is a complex process, involving inductive and deductive logical principles and activities. Ocijena određenom izgledu kao stvarnost ili iluzija je složen proces, koji uključuje i induktivni deduktivan logične principe i aktivnosti. Opinion has to earn the status of strict knowledge. Mišljenje je to zaraditi statusa strogih znanja.

Knowledge develops from appearances , which may be: (a) objects of perception , ie concretes or phenomena in the physical or mental domains; (b) objects of intuition , ie one's subjective self, cognitions, volitions and valuations; and/or (c) objects of conception , ie simple or complex abstracts of preceding appearances. Znanja razvija od nastupa, što svibanj biti: (a) objekte percepcije, tj. concretes ili pojava u fizičkom ili mentalnom domena, (b) predmeti intuicija, tj. nečije subjektivno sebe, znanja, volitions i procjena; i / ili (c ) predmeti od začeća, tj. jednostavne ili složene Abstracts of prethodi pojava. Abstraction relies on apprehensions of sameness and difference between appearances (including received or projected appearances, and projected negations of appearances). Apstrakcija oslanja na apprehensions za jednakost i razliku između nastupa (uključujući nastupa primili ili projicirane, a projicirana negations od nastupa). Coherence in knowledge (perceptual, intuitive and conceptual) is maintained by apprehensions of compatibility or incompatibility. Dosljednosti u znanju (uočljive, intuitivno i konceptualne) održava apprehensions kompatibilnosti ili nepodudarnost. Words facilitate our construction of conceptual knowledge, thanks to their intentionality. Wordsa olakšati našu izgradnju konceptualno znanje, zahvaljujući njihovom intencionalnost. The abstract concepts most words intend are common characters or behaviors of particulars (concrete material, mental or subjective experiences). Granting everything in the world is reducible to waves, 'universals' would be equalities or proportionalities in the measures of the features, motions and interrelations of particular waves. Apstraktni koncepti većinu riječi namjeravam su zajedničke znakova ili ponašanja u podrobnosti (beton materijal, mentalnog ili subjektivne iskustva). Kojim je sve na svijetu je u valove svodljiv, 'universals' bi se equalities ili u proportionalities mjere značajke, prijedloge i interrelations pojedinih valova. Such a theory of universals would elucidate sensation and memory. Takva teorija universals bi rasvijetliti senzacije i memoriju.

In attempting to retrace the development of conceptual knowledge from experience, we may refer to certain major organizing principles. U pokušaju da pratiti razvoj konceptualna znanja iz iskustva, mi svibanj se odnose na određene glavne principe organizovanja. It is also important to keep track of the order of things in such development, interrelating specific concepts and specific experiences. Također je važno voditi računa o redoslijedu stvari na takav razvoj, interrelating specifične koncepte i specifična iskustva. By proposing a precise sequence of events, we avoid certain logical fallacies and are challenged to try and answer certain crucial questions in more detail. By prijedložili precizan slijed događaja, da bi izbjegli određene logičke fallacies su izazvali i pokušati odgovoriti na određena pitanja od ključne važnosti u više detalja. Many more topics are discussed in the present collection of essays, including selfhood, adduction and other logical issues, the status of mathematical concepts and theology. Mnogo više tema raspravlja u ovoj zbirci eseja, uključujući selfhood, navođenje i ostale logičke probleme, status matematičkih pojmova i teologije.

Judaic Logic - JUDAIC LOGIC Jevrejski Logic - jevrejski logika : :   A Formal Analysis of Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic . Formalna analiza biblijskih, Talmudic rabinski i logici. (1995, Slatkine 1997) (1995, Slatkine 1997)

Judaic Logic is an original inquiry into the forms of thought determining Jewish law and belief, from the impartial perspective of a logician. Judaic Logic attempts to honestly estimate the extent to which the logic employed within Judaism fits into the general norms, and whether it has any contributions to make to them . The author ranges far and wide in Jewish lore, finding clear evidence of both inductive and deductive reasoning in the Torah and other books of the Bible, and analyzing the methodology of the Talmud and other Rabbinic literature by means of formal tools which make possible its objective evaluation with reference to scientific logic. Jevrejski Logic je originalno upit u određivanju oblika misao židovskog zakona i uvjerenja, iz nepristrane perspektive jedne logician. Jevrejski Logic pokušaja da pošteno procijeniti koliko se logika zaposlen u židovstvu uklapa u opće norme, te da li je bilo koji doprinose da se na njih. autora rasponi nadaleko u židovsko Lore, pronaći jasne dokaze i induktivni i deduktivan rasuđivanje u Tora i drugim knjigama Biblije, i analizira metodologija u Talmud i druge literature rabinski sredstvima formalni alata koji omogućavaju svoj cilj evaluacije u odnosu na znanstvene logike. The result is a highly innovative work - incisive and open, free of clichés or manipulation. Rezultat je vrlo inovativan rad - sječe i otvoren, bez klisee ili manipulacije.

Judaic Logic succeeds in translating vague and confusing interpretative principles and examples into formulas with the clarity and precision of Aristotelean syllogism. Jevrejski Logic uspije u prevođenju nejasne i zbunjujuće interpretativna načela i primjeri u formulama sa jasnoće i preciznosti Aristotelean silogizam. Among the positive outcomes, for logic in general, are a thorough listing, analysis and validation of the various forms of a-fortiori argument , as well as a clarification of dialectic logic . However, on the negative side, this demystification of Talmudic/Rabbinic modes of thought (hermeneutic and heuristic) reveals most of them to be, contrary to the boasts of orthodox commentators, far from deductive and certain. Među pozitivnim ishodima, za logiku u cjelini, su temeljita unosa, analize i validacije u raznim oblicima a fortiori argument, kao i razjašnjenje Dijalektike logici. Međutim, na negativne strane, ovo demystification od Talmudic / rabinski načina mišljenja (hermeneutički i heurističan) otkriva većina njih da se, protivno diči Pravoslavne komentatora, daleko od deduktivan i sigurno. They are often, legitimately enough, inductive. Oni su često, legitimno dovoljno induktivan. But they are also often unnatural and arbitrary constructs, supported by unverifiable claims and fallacious techniques. Ali su također često neprirodno i proizvoljne konstrukata, uz potporu unverifiable potraživanja i varljiv tehnikama.

Many other thought-processes, used but not noticed or discussed by the Rabbis, are identified in this treatise, and subjected to logical review. Mnogi drugi misli-procesa, koji se koriste, ali nije primijetio ili je objašnjeno od strane Rabbis, identificirane su u ovom rasprava, te su ih podvrgavali logički pregled. Various more or less explicit Rabbinic doctrines, which have logical significance, are also examined in it. Razne manje ili više eksplicitne rabinski doktrina, koje su logično značenje, također se ispituju u njemu. In particular, this work includes a formal study of the ethical logic (deontology) found in Jewish law, to elicit both its universal aspects and its peculiarities. Konkretno, ovo djelo obuhvaća formalne studiju o etičkim logici (deontologija) pronađena židovskog zakona, na obje njegove izmamiti univerzalni aspekti i njenih osobitosti. With regard to Biblical studies, one notable finding is an explicit formulation (which, however, the Rabbis failed to take note of and stress) of the principles of adduction [2] in the Torah, written long before the acknowledgement of these principles in Western philosophy and their assimilation in a developed theory of knowledge. Another surprise is that, in contrast to Midrashic claims, the Tanakh (Jewish Bible) contains a lot more than ten instances of qal vachomer (a-fortiori) reasoning. S obzirom na biblijskih studija, jedna primjetan nalaz je eksplicitna formulacija (koja je, međutim, nije poduzeo Rabbis notu i stresa) o načelima navođenje [2] u Tora, pisani dugo prije priznanje tih načela u Zapadnoj filozofije i njihova asimilacija u razvijenim teorije znanja. Drugo iznenađenje je da je, za razliku Midrashic potraživanja, u Tanakh (židovske Biblije) sadrži puno više od deset slučajeva qal vachomer (a-fortiori) rasuđivanje.

In sum, Judaic Logic elucidates and evaluates the epistemological assumptions which have generated the Halakhah (Jewish religious jurisprudence) and allied doctrines. U globalu, jevrejski Logic elucidates i procjenjuje epistemološka pretpostavke koje su generirani od Halakhah (Židovske vjerske sudstvo) i NATO doktrinama. Traditional justifications, or rationalizations, concerning Judaic law and belief, are carefully dissected and weighed at the level of logical process and structure, without concern for content. Tradicionalna opravdanja, ili rationalizations o jevrejski zakon i vjera, pažljivo dissected izmjerih i na razini logičkih procesa i struktura, bez brige za sadržaj. This foundational approach, devoid of any critical or supportive bias, clears the way for a timely reassessment of orthodox Judaism (and incidentally, other religious systems, by means of analogies or contrasts). Judaic Logic ought, therefore, to be read by all Halakhists, as well as Bible and Talmud scholars and students; and also by everyone interested in the theory, practise and history of logic. Ovaj foundational pristup, lišen svih kritičnih podržavaju ili pristranosti, bistri put za pravodobno revidiranje Pravoslavne židovstvo (i uzgredno, drugim vjerskim sustavima, pomoću analogije ili suprotnosti). Jevrejski Logic valja, dakle, da se čitaju sva Halakhists , kao i Biblija i Talmud znanstvenici i studenti, kao i svi zainteresirani u teoriji, praksi i povijest logici.

Buddhist Illogic - BUDDHIST ILLOGIC : A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna's Arguments. Budistički Illogic - budističke ILLOGIC: A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna's argumenata. (2002) (2002)

The 2nd Century CE Indian philosopher Nagarjuna founded the Madhyamika (Middle Way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, which strongly influenced Chinese, Korean and Japanese (Ch'an or Zen) Buddhism, as well as Tibetan Buddhism. 2. st. CE indijski filozof Nagarjuna osnovali Madhyamika (Bliski Way) škola Mahayana budizma, koji snažno utjecao kineski, japanski i korejski (Ch'an ili Zen) budizma, kao i tibetanskog budizma. Nagarjuna is regarded by many Buddhist writers to this day as a very important philosopher, who they claim definitively proved the futility of ordinary human cognitive means. Nagarjuna smatra mnogi pisci budista u ovaj dan kao vrlo važan filozof, koji tvrde da je definitivno dokazao uzaludnost običnih ljudskih kognitivnih sredstvima. His writings include a series of arguments purporting to show the illogic of logic, the absurdity of reason . Njegovi spisi obuhvaćaju niz argumenata purporting pokazati illogic logika, apsurdnost razloga. He considers this the way to verbalize and justify the Buddhist doctrine of “emptiness” ( Shunyata ). These arguments attack some of the basic tenets and techniques of reasoning, such as the laws of thought (identity, non-contradiction and the excluded middle), conceptualization and predication, our common assumptions of self, entities and essences, as well as our beliefs in motion and causation. On smatra da je ovo način da se riječima opravdati i budističke doktrine "praznine" (Shunyata). Te argumente napadati neki od osnovnih načela i tehnika razmišljanja, kao što su zakoni mišljenja (identitet, bez suprotstavljanja i isključene sredini) , konceptualizacije i iskaz, naših zajedničkih pretpostavki samouprave, entitete i esencije, kao i naša vjerovanja u pokretu i prouzrokovanost.

The present essay demonstrates the many sophistries involved in Nagarjuna's arguments. Današnji eseju pokazuje mnoge sophistries uključenih u Nagarjuna's argumenata. He uses double standards, applying or ignoring the laws of thought and other norms as convenient to his goals; he manipulates his readers, by giving seemingly logical form (like the dilemma) to his discourse, while in fact engaged in non-sequiturs or appealing to doubtful premises; he plays with words, relying on unclear terminology, misleading equivocations and unfair fixations of meaning; and he 'steals concepts', using them to deny the very percepts on which they are based. Although a critique of the Madhyamika philosophical interpretation and defense of “emptiness”, Buddhist Illogic is not intended to dissuade readers from Buddhism. On koristi bračni standardima, primjenom ili ignoriranje zakona misli i druge norme kao prikladne za njegov cilj, a on manipulates njegovim čitateljima, dajući naizgled logički oblik (kao što je dilema) da njegov govor, dok je u stvari bave i ne-sequiturs ili apelujuchi na sumnjiv prostor, on igra sa riječima, oslanjajući se na nejasne terminologije, equivocations obmanjujuće i nepoštenih fixations značenja, a on 'steals konceptima', koristeći ih niječu samog percepts na kojima su zasnovane. Iako su kritike od Madhyamika filozofska interpretacija i odbranu "prazninu", budistički Illogic ne namjerava odvratiti čitatelje od budizma. On the contrary, its aim to enhance personal awareness of actual cognitive processes, and so improve meditation. Naprotiv, njezin je cilj povećati svijest o stvarnim osobnim kognitivnim procesima, i tako unaprijediti meditacije. It is also an excellent primer on phenomenological epistemology. To je također izvrstan udžbenik na fenomenološki epistemologija.

The Logic of Causation - Causal Logic: THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION. ( 1999, Revised and expanded 2003) The Logic of prouzrokovanost - uzročni Logic: logiku prouzrokovanost. (1999, revidiran i proširen 2003)

The Logic of Causation is a treatise of formal logic and of aetiology. The Logic of prouzrokovanost je teza formalne logike i aetiology. It is an original and wide-ranging investigation of the definition of causation (deterministic causality) in all its forms, and of the deduction and induction of such forms . This study is part of a larger work on causal logic, which additionally treats volition and allied cause-effect relations. To je originalna i širok istragu o definiciji prouzrokovanost (determinističke uzročnost) u svim svojim oblicima, a na odbitak i indukcija takvog oblika. Ova studija je dio većeg rada na kauzalne logike, što dodatno obrađuje i odlučivanje saveznički uzrok-efekt relacije. Starting with the paradigm of causation, its most obvious and strongest form, we can by abstraction of its defining components distinguish four genera of causation, or generic determinations, namely: complete, partial, necessary and contingent causation. Počevši od paradigmi prouzrokovanost, njegove Najočitiji i najjači oblik, možemo prema apstrakciji definiranja njegovih komponenti razlikujete od četiri rodova prouzrokovanost ili generički determinations, naime: potpuna, djelomična, potrebne i prouzrokovanost kontingenta. When these genera and their negations are combined together in every which way, and tested for consistency, it is found that only four species of causation, or specific determinations, remain conceivable. Nakon tih rodova i njihovih negations su u kombinaciji zajedno u kojem svaki put, a testirani za konzistentnost, utvrđeno je da je samo četiri vrste prouzrokovanost, ili specifične determinations, ostaju dostižan.

The concept of causation thus gives rise to a number of positive and negative propositional forms, which can be studied in detail with relative ease because they are compounds of conjunctive and conditional propositions whose properties are already well known to logicians. Koncept prouzrokovanost time rađa niz pozitivnih i negativnih propositional oblicima, koji se može detaljno studirao s relativnom lakoćom jer su vezivni spojevi i uvjetnih prijedloge čija svojstva su već poznati logicians. The logical relations (oppositions) between the various determinations (and their negations) are investigated, as well as their respective implications (eductions). Logičan odnosima (oppositions) između različitih determinations (i njihovim negations) su istraženi, kao i njihove implikacije (eductions). Thereafter, their interactions (in syllogistic reasoning) are treated in the most rigorous manner. Dakle, njihova interakcija (na syllogistic rasuđivanje) tretiraju se u većini rigorozan način. The question we try to answer here is: is (or when is) the cause of a cause of something itself a cause of that thing, and if so to what degree? The figures and moods of positive causative syllogism are listed exhaustively; and the resulting arguments validated or invalidated, as the case may be. Pitanje pokušavamo odgovoriti ovdje je: je (ili ako je) uzrok uzrok nešto sama uzrok da je stvar, a ako je tako šta stupanj? Brojke i raspolozenja pozitivnih uzročan silogizam su navedeni exhaustively; i argumenata rezultira potvrdom ili invalidated, kao što svibanj biti slučaj. In this context, a universal and sure method of evaluation called 'matricial analysis' is developed. U tom kontekstu, univerzalni i siguran način ocjenjivanja naziva 'matricial analiza je razvijena. Because this (initial) method is cumbersome, it is used as little as possible; the remaining cases being evaluated by means of reduction. Budući da ova (početno) metoda je glomazan, on se koristi kao malen kao moguć; preostalih slučajeva se vrednovati putem smanjenja.

The Logic of Causation thus deals with the main technicalities relating to reasoning about causation. The Logic of prouzrokovanost time bavi glavni tehnikalije odnose na zaključivanje o prouzrokovanost. Some issues are, however, left unresolved in this first phase, because the ( macroanalytic ) methods introduced thus far are inadequate to resolve them. Neka pitanja su, međutim, u ovom lijevom nerazriješen prvoj fazi, jer je (macroanalytic) uvedene metode za sada su neadekvatni za rješavanje njih. In a later phase, when more precise ( microanalytic ) methods are introduced, all such outstanding questions are systematically answered. U kasnijoj fazi, kada je precizniji (microanalytic) metode se uvode, sva pitanja su takva nepodmirenih sustavno odgovori. Once all the deductive characteristics of causation in all its forms have been treated, we are able to discuss more intelligently its epistemological and ontological status – how it is induced, how far it is applicable, and so forth. Nakon svih deduktivan karakteristike prouzrokovanost u svim svojim oblicima su tretirani, u mogućnosti smo razgovarati više inteligentniji njegova epistemološka i ontologijski status - kako je inducirana, koliko je to primjenjivo, i tako dalje. In this context, past theories of causation can be reviewed and evaluated. U tom kontekstu, proteklih prouzrokovanost teorije mogu biti pregledani i ocijenjeni. Some of the issues involved here, however, can only be dealt with in a larger perspective, after volition and other aspects of causality have been duly investigated. Neka od pitanja ovdje, međutim, mogu samo da se pitanje posebno rješavati u veće perspektive, nakon volja i drugim aspektima uzročnost je uredno obrađena.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts - Causal Logic: VOLITIONAND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS. (2004 ) Odlučivanje i savezničkih uzročni Koncepti - uzročni Logic: VOLITIONAND savezničkih uzročni koncepte. (2004)

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of aetiology and metapsychology. Odlučivanje i savezničkih uzročni Koncepti je rad aetiology i metapsychology. Aetiology is the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the study of causality (the cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and metapsychology is the study of the basic concepts common to all psychological discourse, most of which are causal. Aetiology je grana filozofije i logike posvećeno proučavanju kauzalnost (uzrok-efekt odnosu), u svim svojim oblicima i metapsychology je proučavanje osnovnih pojmova zajedničke svim psihološki diskurs, većina od kojih su uzročno.

Volition (or free will) is to be distinguished from causation and natural spontaneity. The latter categories, ie deterministic causality and its negation, have been treated in a separate work, The Logic of Causation . Odlučivanje (ili slobodnu volju) se razlikuje od prouzrokovanost i prirodne spontanosti. Potonja kategorija, odnosno uzročnost determinističke i njegova negacija, su tretirani u zasebnom radu, logike prouzrokovanost. Volition may be characterized as personal causality, a relation between an agent (the self or soul) and his actions (acts of will). Svibanj htijenje biti karakterizirana kao osobni uzročnost, odnos između posrednika (sebe ili duše) i njegovih akcija (akti bit). Unlike causation, this relation cannot be entirely defined using conditional (if–then) propositions. Za razliku od prouzrokovanost, taj odnos ne može biti u potpunosti definirana pomoću uvjetnih (if-then) prijedloge. Although we can say that the agent is a sine qua non of his actions, we cannot say that the agent is invariably (in all or specific circumstances) followed by his actions. Iako možemo reći da je agent je sine qua non jedan od njegovih akcija, ne možemo reći da je agent je nepromjenljivo (u svim ili određenim okolnostima) slijedi njegove akcije. It appears that both an act of will and its negation remain possible to a soul in any given set of circumstances. Čini se da su oba akt će i njegova negacija ostaje moguće dušu u bilo kojem skupu okolnosti. This defines freedom of the will, and implies the responsibility of the agent for his actions. To definira slobodu volje, podrazumijeva i odgovornost za njegov agent za akcije. Introspection provides knowledge of particular acts of will. Introspekcija pruža znanja pojedinih djela volje.

The existence of freewill implies a distinction between necessary causation (determinism independent of volition) and inertial causation (determinism, except when some contrary will interferes). Postojanje dragovoljan podrazumijeva razliku između potrebne prouzrokovanost (determinism neovisni o volja) i inertial prouzrokovanost (determinism, osim kad neki suprotno će interferes). An act of will occurs on a spiritual plane. Akt se događa na duhovnom avionom. It may have natural (mental or physical) consequences; those that inevitably follow it may be regarded as directly willed, whereas those that vary according to circumstances must be considered indirectly willed. On svibanj imati prirodni (psihičke ili fizičke) posljedice; one koje neminovno slijede svibanj ga se smatrati izravno volje, dok su one koje se razlikuju prema okolnostima, mora se smatrati indirektno volje. Volition presupposes some degree of consciousness. Volja pretpostavlja neki stupanj svijesti. So-called involuntary acts of will involve a minimum of attention, whereas mindful acts are fully conscious. Tzv nehotičan akti će uključivati najmanje pozornosti, dok pozoran akti su potpuno svjesni. Even pure whim involves intention. Čak i čista ćef uključuje namjera. Most volitions moreover involve valuation, some sort of projection of goals, deliberation on means, choice and decision. Većina volitions štoviše uključivati vrednovanje, neke projekcija ciljeve, promišljanje o sredstvima, izbor i odluku. To judge responsibility, various distinctions are called for, like that between intentional, incidental and accidental consequences. Za suca odgovornost, razne razlike su pozvali, kao da između namjerni, slučajni i slučajne posljedice.

Volitional action can be affected through the terms and conditions of the world surrounding its agent, but also more intimately through the influence of concrete or abstract aspects of that world that the subject has cognized. Voljni radnja može utjecati kroz odredbe i uvjete na svijet okružuje njegov zastupnik, ali i više prisno kroz utjecaj betona ili sažetak aspekata svijeta koji taj predmet ima cognized. The causal concept of influence , and its implication of cognition (of inner or outer information, including emotions), are crucial to measuring the effort involved in volition. Influences make willing easier or harder, yet do not curtail its essential freedom. The concept of kauzalni utjecaj, i njegovih implikacija kognicija (unutarnjih ili vanjski podaci, uključujući i emocije), su odlučujuće za mjerenje napora koji su uključeni u odlučivanje. Utjecaji spremni učiniti lakše ili teže, ali ne skratiti njegove bitne slobode. All the causal concepts used in psychological explanation – affections, appetites, instincts, habits, obsessions, compulsions, urges and impulses – can be elucidated thanks to this important finding. Svi uzročni koncepata koji se koriste u psihološko objašnjenje - affections, prohtjevi, instinkata, navike, opsesije, prisila, pozvao i impulsi - može biti elucidated zahvaljujući ovaj važan nalaz. Much of human (and animal) behavior can thus be both acknowledged as volitional and as variously influenced. Većinu ljudskih (i životinjskih) ponašanje može tako biti i priznanje voljni i kao variously utjecao.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally resolving philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in psychology. Odlučivanje i savezničkih uzročni Koncepti je rad ambiciozan opseg, o namjeri konačno rješavanje filozofske i logičke probleme koji su uvijek u tijeku impeded psihologije. It clarifies the structure and workings of the psyche, facilitating hygienic and therapeutic endeavors. On pojašnjava strukturu i djelovanju na psihu, omogućavanjem higijenske i terapijske naporima. The relation between volition and physical laws is discussed, as is the place of volition in biology. Odnos snaga volje i fizičkih zakona raspravlja, kao što je mjesto odlučivanje u biologiji. Concepts used in biology, analogous to that of purpose, are incidentally analyzed. Koncepti koristi u biologiji, analogno koji namjenu, analizirane su uzgredno. Theological issues are also dealt with, as are some topics in ethics and law. Duhovne teme također su se bavila, jer su neke teme u etike i zakona.

Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: Sundry notes and essays on Logic. (2005) Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: raznovrstan bilješke i eseji o logici. (2005)

Ruminations is a collection of sundry notes and essays on Logic. Ruminations je zbirka eseja i raznovrstan Bilješke o logici. These complement and enrich the author's past writings, further analyzing or reviewing certain issues. Ovi nadopuniti i obogatiti se autor prošlosti spisi, daljnje analiziranje ili pregledom određenih pitanja. Among the many topics covered are: the importance of the laws of thought, and how they are applied using the logic of paradox; details of formal logic, including some important new insights on the nesting, merger and splitting up of hypothetical propositions ; details of causal logic, including analogical reasoning from cause to cause; a phenomenological analysis of negation . Među brojnim temama pokrivene su: važnost zakona misli, i kako su se koristeći logiku paradoks; detalje formalne logike, uključujući i neke nove uvide važne na gniježdenje, spajanju i rasturanje od hipotetičan prijedloge; detalje kauzalne logike, uključujući analogan zaključivanje iz razloga da izazovu, a fenomenološki analizi negacije.

Additionally, this volume is used to publish a number of notes and essays previously only posted in the Internet site www.TheLogician.net, including: a thoroughly revised version of an essay on JS Mill's Methods ; various addenda and diagrams for Judaic Logic, as well as a historical essay; a brief analysis of Islamic logic . Osim toga, ova količina se koristi za objavljivanje broja bilješki i eseja prethodno postavljene samo u Internet stranica www.TheLogician.net, uključujući: a temeljito revidiran verzija jednog eseja na JS Mill's methods; razni dodaci i dijagrami za jevrejski Logic, kao i povijesni esej, kratku analizu islamska logika.

Meditations - MEDITATIONS: A Spiritual Logbook. ( 2006) Meditacije - Meditacije: duhovni brodski dnevnik. (2006)

A meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase awareness , sustained over some time. A meditacija je vježba dobrovoljnih namjerava povećati svijest, kontinuirano tijekom nekog vremena. The main purpose of the present Meditations is to inspire and assist readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular 'sitting meditation'. Glavna svrha ove Meditacije je da nadahnjuje i pomaže čitateljima da praksa meditacije neke vrste, a posebno 'sjedi meditaciju'. This includes practices such as: observing the mechanisms of one's thinking, stopping unnecessary thought, forgetting things about one's self and one's life that are irrelevant to the current effort of meditation, dealing with distractions, becoming aware of one's breath, being here and now. To uključuje i praksi kao što su: promatranje mehanizmi nečije razmišljanje, zaustavljanje nepotrebnog misao, zaboravljam stvari o jednom samopouzdanje i jedan život da su nevažne za trenutnu napora za meditaciju, koja se bavi distractions, postaju svjesni svoje daha, jer ovdje i sada.

After such practice for some time, one gets to realize the value of meditation, and one's commitment to it grows. Nakon takve prakse za neko vrijeme, jedan dobije ostvariti vrijednost meditaciji, i svoje opredjeljenje za njega raste. The need for behavioral improvement becomes more and more obvious, and one finds it easy and natural to put more discipline into one's life. Potreba za poboljšanjem ponašanja postaje sve više očita, a jedan nađe lako i prirodno da se više discipline u svoj život. Various recommendations are given in this regard.  Prior to such practical guidance, so as to prepare the reader for it, the book reviews the theoretical teachings relating to meditation in the main traditions of mankind. Razne preporuke su u ovom pogledu. Prije takve praktične smjernice, kako bi se pripremila za to čitač, knjiga preispituje odnose na teorijsko učenje meditacije u glavnom tradicijama čovječanstva. The ultimate goals of meditation, the various methods or techniques used to achieve them, the experiential results of meditation, and the interpretations given to them, are topics treated here. Krajnji ciljevi meditacija, raznih metoda i tehnika koji se koriste kako bi se postigla njih, iskustva i rezultati meditaciju, te tumačenja dao im se tretiraju teme ovdje.

Logical and Spiritual Reflections - LOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL REFLECTIONS. ( 2008) Logičke i duhovne Odsjev - logički i duhovnog razmišljanja. (2008)

A collection of shorter philosophical works, in two parts. Zbirka kraći filozofskim djelima, u dva dijela.

The first part, consisting of Logical Reflections, includes: U prvom dijelu, koji se sastoji od Logical Razmišljanja, uključuje:

Hume's Problems with Induction , which is intended to describe and refute some of the main doubts and objections David Hume raised with regard to inductive reasoning. Društveni smještaj Hume's Problemi s Indukcija, koja ima za cilj opisati i pobiti neke od glavnih sumnje i prigovori David Hume podigao s obzirom na induktivan rasuđivanje. It replaces the so-called problem of induction with a principle of induction. Ono zamjenjuje tzv problem indukcije s principom indukcije. David Hume's notorious skepticism was based on errors of observation and reasoning, with regard to induction, causation, necessity, the self and freewill. David Hume je notoran skepticizam je zasnovano na pogreške promatranje i zaključivanje, s obzirom na indukciju, prouzrokovanost, nuždom, sebe i dragovoljan. These are here pointed out and critically analyzed in detail – and more accurate and logical theories are proposed. Oni su ovdje ukazao i kritički analizirani u detalj - i točniji i logičke teorije su predložene. The present work also includes refutations of Hempel's and Goodman's alleged paradoxes of induction. Sadašnji rad također uključuje refutations od Hempel i Goodman je navodno paradoksi od regularne.

A Short Critique of Kant's Unreason , which is a brief critical analysis of some of the salient epistemological and ontological ideas and theses in Immanuel Kant's famous Critique of Pure Reason. Kratke Kantovoj Kritici nerazumnost, koji je kratko kritičke analize nekih od izbočina epistemološka i ontologijski ideje i radovi u Immanuel Kant's poznatih Kritici cistoga uma. It shows that Kant was in no position to criticize reason, because he neither sufficiently understood its workings nor had the logical tools needed for the task. To pokazuje da je Kant bio u poziciji da ne kritizira razloga, jer ni dovoljno razumjeti njegove poslovne, niti je imao logičan alate potrebne za zadatak. Kant's transcendental reality, his analytic-synthetic dichotomy, his views on experience and concept formation, and on the forms of sensibility (space and time) and understanding (his twelve categories), are here all subjected to rigorous logical evaluation and found deeply flawed – and more coherent theories are proposed in their stead. Kant's transcedentalan stvarnost, njegov analitički-sintetička dihotomiju, njegove poglede na doživljaj i koncept formacije, kao i na oblike senzibilitetom (prostor i vrijeme) i razumijevanje (dvanaestoricu svojih kategorija), ovdje su svi podvrgnuti rigoroznim logično evaluacija i nađe duboko flawed -- i više koherentne teorije su predložene na njihovo mjesto.

In Defense of Aristotle's Laws of Thought , which addresses, from a phenomenological standpoint, numerous modern and Buddhist objections and misconceptions regarding the basic principles of Aristotelian logic. Many people seem to be attacking Aristotle's Laws of Thought nowadays, some coming from the West and some from the East. In Defense of Aristotel's Laws misli, koje adrese, od fenomenološki stanovissta brojne moderne i budističke i misconceptions prigovori glede osnovnih principa aristotelski logici. Mnogi ljudi čini se da je Aristotel napadajućih Zakoni misli danas, neki dolaze sa Zapada, a neke s istoka. It is important to review and refute such ideas as they arise. Važno je da pregledate i opovrgnuti takve ideje kao što su nastali.

The second part, consisting of Spiritual Reflections, includes: U drugom dijelu, koji se sastoji od Duhovni Odsjev, uključuje:

More Meditations , which is a sequel to the author's earlier work, Meditations . Više Meditacije, koja je nastavak je autorova ranijeg rada, Meditacije. It proposes additional practical methods and theoretical insights relating to meditation and Buddhism. Ona predlaže dodatnih praktičnih metoda i teorijskih spoznaja vezanih za meditacije i budizma. It also discusses certain often glossed over issues relating to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism, importation to the West. Također se raspravlja o određenim glossed često preko pitanja koja se odnose na budizam - poglavito, istoričnost, idolopoklonstvo, mesijanizam, uvoz na Zapadu.

Zen Judaism , which is a frank reflection on the tensions between reason and faith in today's context of knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation into Judaism. Zen judaizam, koji je iskren razmišljanje o napetosti između razuma i vjere u današnjem kontekstu znanja, kao i na potrebu da se uvelo Zen-poput meditacije u židovstvu. This work also treats some issues in ethics and theodicy. Ovaj rad također tretira nekim pitanjima etike i theodicy.

No to Sodom , which is an essay against homosexuality, using biological, psychological, spiritual, ethical and political arguments. Ne da Sodoma, koje je ogled protiv homoseksualnosti, koristeći biološke, psihološke, duhovne, etičke i političke argumente.

Other Writings - Ostali pismo --

Various notes and essays in English and French. Različite napomene i eseja na engleskom i francuskom jeziku. Previews and other temporary postings, .pdf files for download, etc. Pregledi i drugih privremenih postove. Pdf datoteke za download, itd.