Future Logic - FUTURE LOGIC: Futur Logic - Logic FUTUR: Categorical and Conditional Deduction and Induction Kategorika u Kondizzjonali Tnaqqis u Induzzjoni of the Natural, Temporal, Extensional, and Logical Modalities . tal-Natural, temporali, Extensional, u Logical Modalitajiet. (1990, revised 1996) (1990, riveduti 1996)

Future Logic is an original, and wide-ranging treatise of formal logic. Futur Logic huwiex oriġinali, u b'firxa wiesgħa ta 'treatise formali logic. It deals with deduction and induction, of categorical and conditional propositions, involving the natural, temporal, extensional, and logical modalities. Titratta tnaqqis u induzzjoni, tal kategorika u kondizzjonali proposti, li jinvolvu l-fiżika, temporali, extensional, modalitajiet u loġiku. Traditional and Modern logic have covered in detail only formal deduction from actual categoricals, or from logical conditionals (conjunctives, hypotheticals, and disjunctives). Traditional u Moderna loġika dettall jkunu koperti b'mod formali biss tnaqqis mill categoricals attwali, jew minn loġika conditionals (conjunctives, hypotheticals u disjunctives). Deduction from modal categoricals has also been considered, though very vaguely and roughly; whereas deduction from natural, temporal and extensional forms of conditioning has been all but totally ignored. Tnaqqis mill-modal categoricals ġiet ukoll ikkunsidrata, għalkemm ħafna vagament u raff; billi tnaqqis mill naturali, temporali u extensional forom ta 'kondizzjonament ġie kollha imma totalment injorati. As for induction, apart from the elucidation of adductive processes (the scientific method), almost no formal work has been done. Bħala għal induzzjoni, minbarra l-eluċidazzjoni ta 'adductive proċessi (il-metodu xjentifiku), kważi l-ebda formali sar xogħol.

This is the first work ever to strictly formalize the inductive processes of generalization and particularization , through the novel methods of factorial analysis, factor selection and formula revision. Din hija l-ewwel xogħol qatt strettament jifformalizzaw il-proċessi ta 'inductive generalization u particularization, permezz tal-metodi ġodda ta' fattoriku analiżi, fattur għażla u formula reviżjoni. This is the first work ever to develop a formal logic of the natural, temporal and extensional types of conditioning (as distinct from logical conditioning), including their production from modal categorical premises. Din hija l-ewwel xogħol qatt biex tiżviluppa formali loġika tas-naturali, temporali u extensional tipi ta 'kondizzjonament (distint mill loġiku kondizzjonata), inkluża l-produzzjoni tagħhom minn modal kategorika bini.

Future Logic contains a great many other new discoveries, organized into a unified, consistent and empirical system, with precise definitions of the various categories and types of modality (including logical modality), and full awareness of the epistemological and ontological issues involved. Futur Logic fiha ħafna skoperti ġodda oħra, organizzati fis-sistema unifikata, konsistenti u empirika sistema, b'tagħrif preċiż definizzjonijiet tad-diversi kategoriji u tipi ta 'modalità (inklużi loġiku komodalità), u b'għarfien sħiħ tal-epistemoloġiku u ontological kwistjonijiet involuti. Though strictly formal, it uses ordinary language, wherever symbols can be avoided. Għalkemm strettament formali, hija tuża lingwa ordinarja, kulfejn simboli jistgħu jiġu evitati. Among its other contributions: Fost oħrajn tiegħu kontributi:   a full list of the valid modal syllogisms (which is more restrictive than previous lists); the main formalities of the logic of change (which introduces a dynamic instead of merely static approach to classification); the first formal definitions lista sħiħa tad-validi modal syllogisms (li hija aktar restrittiva minn listi ta 'qabel); prinċipali l-formalitajiet tal-loġika tal-bidla (li tintroduċi dinamika minflok sempliċement statika approċċ għall-klassifikazzjoni); l-ewwel formali definizzjonijiet of the modal types of causality ; a new theory of class logic , free of the Russell Paradox; as well as a critical review of modern metalogic. modali tat-tipi ta 'kawżalità; teorija ġdid ta' klassi loġika, ħieles mill-Russell Paradox; kif ukoll ta 'analiżi kritika tad modern metalogic. But it is impossible to list briefly all the innovations in logical science -- and therefore, epistemology and ontology -- this book presents; it has to be read for its scope to be appreciated. Iżda huwa impossibbli li jiġu elenkati fil-qosor l-innovazzjonijiet fl loġiku xjenza - u għalhekk, epistemology u ontology - dan il-ktieb rigali; għandu jiġi moqri għall-iskop tiegħu li jkun apprezzat.

Phenomenology - PHENOMENOLOGY: Basing Knowledge On Appearance. (2003; expanded 2005) Phenomenology - PHENOMENOLOGY: tibbaża Għarfien On Dehra. (2003; mwessa 2005)

Phenomenology is the study of appearance as such. Phenomenology hija l-istudju ta 'dehra bħala tali. It is a branch of both Ontology and Epistemology, since appearing is being known. Huwa ta 'fergħa ta' kemm Ontology u Epistemology, peress li jidher qed magħrufa. By an 'appearance' is meant any existent which impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it be 'real' or 'illusory.' Permezz ta ' "dehra" huwa mfisser kull jeżistix li tidħol fis-sensi, xejn cognized, irrispettivament ta' xi ġudizzju dwar jekk ikunu "reali" jew "illużorji." The evaluation of a particular appearance as a reality or an illusion is a complex process, involving inductive and deductive logical principles and activities. L-evalwazzjoni ta 'dehra partikolari bħala realtà jew illusion huwa proċess kumpless, li jinvolvi induttiv u deduttiv loġiku prinċipji u l-attivitajiet. Opinion has to earn the status of strict knowledge. Opinjoni taqla stretti l-istatus ta 'għarfien.

Knowledge develops from appearances , which may be: (a) objects of perception , ie concretes or phenomena in the physical or mental domains; (b) objects of intuition , ie one's subjective self, cognitions, volitions and valuations; and/or (c) objects of conception , ie simple or complex abstracts of preceding appearances. Tiżviluppa l-għarfien mill-apparenzi, li tista tkun: (a) oġġetti ta 'perċezzjoni, ie concretes jew fenomeni fl-oqsma fiżiċi jew mentali; (b) oġġetti ta' intuition, jiġifieri waħda suġġettiva, self, cognitions, volitions u valutazzjonijiet u / jew (c ) oġġetti tal-konċepiment, jiġifieri sempliċi jew kumplessi taqsiriet ta 'qabel apparenzi. Abstraction relies on apprehensions of sameness and difference between appearances (including received or projected appearances, and projected negations of appearances). Astrazzjoni tistrieħ fuq tip ta 'sameness u differenza bejn apparenzi (inklużi riċevuta jew proġettat apparenzi, u pproġettat negations tal apparenzi). Coherence in knowledge (perceptual, intuitive and conceptual) is maintained by apprehensions of compatibility or incompatibility. Koerenza fl-għarfien (perċettivi, intuwittivi u kunċettwali) hija miżmuma mill-tip ta 'kompatibbiltà jew inkompatibbiltà. Words facilitate our construction of conceptual knowledge, thanks to their intentionality. Words jiffaċilitaw tagħna għarfien kunċettwali ta 'kostruzzjoni, grazzi għall intenzjonalità tagħhom. The abstract concepts most words intend are common characters or behaviors of particulars (concrete material, mental or subjective experiences). Granting everything in the world is reducible to waves, 'universals' would be equalities or proportionalities in the measures of the features, motions and interrelations of particular waves. Il-kunċetti astratti aktar kliem ħsiebhom huma komuni karattri jew behaviors ta 'dettalji (materjal konkret, mentali jew esperjenzi soġġettivi). Għoti kollox fid-dinja huwa reduċibbli għall-mewġ, "universals" tkun equalities jew proportionalities fil-miżuri tal-karatteristiċi, mozzjonijiet u interrelazzjonijiet partikolari tal-mewġ. Such a theory of universals would elucidate sensation and memory. Din it-teorija ta 'universals se tiċċara sensazzjoni u l-memorja.

In attempting to retrace the development of conceptual knowledge from experience, we may refer to certain major organizing principles. Fil jippruvaw rintraċċati kunċettwali-iżvilupp ta 'għarfien mill-esperjenza, we jistgħu jirreferu għal ċerti maġġuri jorganizza prinċipji. It is also important to keep track of the order of things in such development, interrelating specific concepts and specific experiences. Huwa wkoll importanti li żżomm rekord ta 'l-ordni ta' affarijiet fl-iżvilupp bħal dawn, interrelating speċifiċi kunċetti u esperjenzi speċifiċi. By proposing a precise sequence of events, we avoid certain logical fallacies and are challenged to try and answer certain crucial questions in more detail. Bil-proposta ta 'sekwenza preċiża ta' avvenimenti, we jevitaw ċerti loġiku fallacies u huma kkontestat li jippruvaw iwieġbu għal ċerti mistoqsijiet kruċjali f'aktar dettall. Many more topics are discussed in the present collection of essays, including selfhood, adduction and other logical issues, the status of mathematical concepts and theology. Ħafna aktar huma suġġetti diskussi f'din l-ġbir ta 'esejs, inklużi selfhood, adduction u kwistjonijiet oħra loġiku, l-istatus ta' kunċetti matematiċi u teoloġija.

Judaic Logic - JUDAIC LOGIC Judaic Logic - JUDAIC Logic : :   A Formal Analysis of Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic . A formali Analiżi tal Bibliċi, Talmudic u Rabbinic Logic. (1995, Slatkine 1997) (1995, Slatkine 1997)

Judaic Logic is an original inquiry into the forms of thought determining Jewish law and belief, from the impartial perspective of a logician. Judaic Logic attempts to honestly estimate the extent to which the logic employed within Judaism fits into the general norms, and whether it has any contributions to make to them . The author ranges far and wide in Jewish lore, finding clear evidence of both inductive and deductive reasoning in the Torah and other books of the Bible, and analyzing the methodology of the Talmud and other Rabbinic literature by means of formal tools which make possible its objective evaluation with reference to scientific logic. Judaic Logic huwiex oriġinali inkjesta dwar il-formoli tal-ħsieb li tiddetermina Lhudija liġi u twemmin, imparzjali mill-perspettiva ta 'logician. Judaic Logic tentattivi biex onestament stima tal-punt sa fejn il-loġika impjegata fi ħdan Judaism tidħol fil-normi ġenerali, u jekk dan ikunx kwalunkwe kontribuzzjonijiet jagħmlu lilhom. L-awtur firxiet ferm wiesgħa u fil-Lhudi lore, fejn sabet evidenza ċara ta 'kemm induttiv u deduttiv raġunament fil-Tora u kotba oħra tal-Bibbja, u jeżamina l-metodoloġija ta' l-Talmud u oħra Rabbinic letteratura permezz ta ' formali għodod li jagħmlu possibbli l-għan tagħha b'referenza għall-evalwazzjoni xjentifika logic. The result is a highly innovative work - incisive and open, free of clichés or manipulation. Ir-riżultat huwa innovattiv ħafna xogħol - inċisiva u miftuħ, mingħajr clichés jew manipulazzjoni.

Judaic Logic succeeds in translating vague and confusing interpretative principles and examples into formulas with the clarity and precision of Aristotelean syllogism. Judaic Logic tirnexxielha jittraduċi vaga u konfuża prinċipji interpretattivi u eżempji fis formuli mal-ċarezza u preċiżjoni tar Aristotelean sillogismo. Among the positive outcomes, for logic in general, are a thorough listing, analysis and validation of the various forms of a-fortiori argument , as well as a clarification of dialectic logic . However, on the negative side, this demystification of Talmudic/Rabbinic modes of thought (hermeneutic and heuristic) reveals most of them to be, contrary to the boasts of orthodox commentators, far from deductive and certain. Fost ir-riżultati pożittivi, għall loġika b'mod ġenerali, huma bir-reqqa elenkar, l-analiżi u l-validazzjoni tad-diversi forom ta 'a fortiori-argument, kif ukoll minn kjarifikar ta' dijalettiku logic. Madankollu, mil-lat negattiv, dan demystification tal Talmudic / Rabbinic modi ta 'ħsieb (hermeneutic u heuristic) tiżvela ħafna minnhom li tkun, kuntrarjament għall-tiftaħar tal ortodoss kummentaturi, loin deduttiv u ċert. They are often, legitimately enough, inductive. Huma ta 'spiss, leġittimament biżżejjed, induttiv. But they are also often unnatural and arbitrary constructs, supported by unverifiable claims and fallacious techniques. Iżda huma wkoll spiss mhiex naturali u arbitrarju constructs, appoġġati mill unverifiable pretensjonijiet u fallaċi tekniki.

Many other thought-processes, used but not noticed or discussed by the Rabbis, are identified in this treatise, and subjected to logical review. Ħafna oħrajn ħasbu-proċessi, iżda mhux użati innotati jew diskussa mill-Rabbis, huma identifikati f'din treatise, u suġġetta għal reviżjoni loġiku. Various more or less explicit Rabbinic doctrines, which have logical significance, are also examined in it. Various aktar jew anqas espliċiti Rabbinic duttrini, li għandhom sinifikat loġiċi, huma wkoll eżaminati fiha. In particular, this work includes a formal study of the ethical logic (deontology) found in Jewish law, to elicit both its universal aspects and its peculiarities. Partikolarment, 'dan ix-xogħol jinkludi formali ta' studju ta 'l-etika loġika (deontology) misjuba fil-liġi Lhudija, li tħajjar kemm l-aspetti universali u l-pekuljaretajiet. With regard to Biblical studies, one notable finding is an explicit formulation (which, however, the Rabbis failed to take note of and stress) of the principles of adduction [2] in the Torah, written long before the acknowledgement of these principles in Western philosophy and their assimilation in a developed theory of knowledge. Another surprise is that, in contrast to Midrashic claims, the Tanakh (Jewish Bible) contains a lot more than ten instances of qal vachomer (a-fortiori) reasoning. Fir-rigward ta 'Studji Bibliċi, wieħed notevoli konstatazzjoni hija formulazzjoni espliċita (li, madankollu, il-Rabbis naqas milli jieħu nota ta' u stress) tal-prinċipji ta 'adduction [2] fil-Tora, miktuba twil qabel il-konferma ta' dawn il-prinċipji tal-Punent filosofija u l-assimilazzjoni fi żviluppati-teorija ta 'l-għarfien. sorpriża oħra hija li, kuntrarjament għal dak Midrashic istqarrijiet, l-Tanakh (Bibbja Lhudija) fih ħafna aktar minn għaxar każijiet ta' qal vachomer (a-fortiori) raġunament.

In sum, Judaic Logic elucidates and evaluates the epistemological assumptions which have generated the Halakhah (Jewish religious jurisprudence) and allied doctrines. Fil-qosor, Judaic Logic elucidates u jevalwa l-epistemoloġiku assunzjonijiet li ġġeneraw il-Halakhah (Lhudi reliġjużi jurisprudence) u allejati duttrini. Traditional justifications, or rationalizations, concerning Judaic law and belief, are carefully dissected and weighed at the level of logical process and structure, without concern for content. Ġustifikazzjonijiet tradizzjonali, jew rationalizations, dwar Judaic liġi u twemmin, b'attenzjoni huma mifrudin u jintiżen fil-livell tal-loġika u l-istruttura proċess, mingħajr tħassib għall-kontenut. This foundational approach, devoid of any critical or supportive bias, clears the way for a timely reassessment of orthodox Judaism (and incidentally, other religious systems, by means of analogies or contrasts). Judaic Logic ought, therefore, to be read by all Halakhists, as well as Bible and Talmud scholars and students; and also by everyone interested in the theory, practise and history of logic. Dan sisien approċċ, nieqes minn kull kritika jew bias appoġġ, ikun ikklerja l-mod kif għal ħin stima mill-ġdid ta 'ortodoss Judaism (u inċidentalment, reliġjużi sistemi oħra, permezz ta' analoġiji jew kuntrasti). Judaic Logic jmissu, għalhekk, li għandu jinqara minn kulħadd Halakhists , kif ukoll Bibbja Talmud u skulari u studenti; u wkoll minn kull min huwa interessat fil-teorija, il-prattika u l-istorja tal logic.

Buddhist Illogic - BUDDHIST ILLOGIC : A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna's Arguments. Buddhist Illogic - BUDDHIST ILLOGIC: analiżi kritika tad Nagarjuna's argumenti. (2002) (2002)

The 2nd Century CE Indian philosopher Nagarjuna founded the Madhyamika (Middle Way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, which strongly influenced Chinese, Korean and Japanese (Ch'an or Zen) Buddhism, as well as Tibetan Buddhism. Il-2 Century CE Indjani philosophe Nagarjuna fondata l-Madhyamika (Middle Way) iskola tal Mahayana Buddhism, li influwenzat ħafna Ċiniżi, Koreani u Ġappuniżi (Ch'an jew Zen) Buddhism, kif ukoll Tibetan Buddhism. Nagarjuna is regarded by many Buddhist writers to this day as a very important philosopher, who they claim definitively proved the futility of ordinary human cognitive means. Nagarjuna huwa meqjus minn ħafna Buddhist kittieba li din il-ġurnata bħala importanti ħafna philosophe, li huma jallegaw definittivament ippruvat il-futilità ordinarja tal-bniedem tfisser konjittivi. His writings include a series of arguments purporting to show the illogic of logic, the absurdity of reason . Kitbiet tiegħu jinkludu serje ta 'argumenti intiżi sabiex juru l-illogic tal-loġika, l-assurdità tal raġuni. He considers this the way to verbalize and justify the Buddhist doctrine of “emptiness” ( Shunyata ). These arguments attack some of the basic tenets and techniques of reasoning, such as the laws of thought (identity, non-contradiction and the excluded middle), conceptualization and predication, our common assumptions of self, entities and essences, as well as our beliefs in motion and causation. Huwa jqis din l-mod li verbalize u jiġġustifikaw l-Buddhist dottrina ta ' "vojt" (Shunyata). Dawn l-argumenti xi attakk tal-prinċipji bażiċi u tekniki ta' motivazzjoni, bħall-liġijiet ta 'ħsieb (identità, in-non-kontradizzjoni u l-middle esklużi) , conceptualization u predication, assunzjonijiet komuni tagħna ta 'awtoregolazzjoni, entitajiet u essenzi, kif ukoll twemmin tagħna fil-mozzjoni u kawżalità.

The present essay demonstrates the many sophistries involved in Nagarjuna's arguments. L-essay preżenti juri l-ħafna sophistries involuti fl-argumenti Nagarjuna. He uses double standards, applying or ignoring the laws of thought and other norms as convenient to his goals; he manipulates his readers, by giving seemingly logical form (like the dilemma) to his discourse, while in fact engaged in non-sequiturs or appealing to doubtful premises; he plays with words, relying on unclear terminology, misleading equivocations and unfair fixations of meaning; and he 'steals concepts', using them to deny the very percepts on which they are based. Although a critique of the Madhyamika philosophical interpretation and defense of “emptiness”, Buddhist Illogic is not intended to dissuade readers from Buddhism. Huwa juża standards doppji, li japplikaw jew ninjoraw il-liġijiet tal-ħsieb u normi oħra kif konvenjenti għal għanijiet tiegħu; huwa jimmanipulah qarrejja tiegħu, billi jagħti jidher loġiku forma (bħall-dilemma) biex id-diskors tiegħu, filwaqt li fil-fatt ingaġġati f'servizz mhux-sequiturs jew li jappellaw biex doubtful bini; huwa tilgħab bil-kliem, billi bbażat ruħha fuq terminoloġija mhux ċari, equivocations qarrieqi u inġust iffissar tal-tifsira; u huwa "steals kunċetti", jużawhom biex jiċħdu l-percepts ħafna li fuqhom huma bbażati. Għalkemm kritika tal-Madhyamika filosofiku interpretazzjoni u d-difiża ta ' "vojt", Buddhist Illogic mhijiex maħsuba sabiex jiddisswadi qarrejja minn Buddhism. On the contrary, its aim to enhance personal awareness of actual cognitive processes, and so improve meditation. Għall-kuntrarju, l-għan tagħha li ttejjeb personali għarfien tal-proċessi attwali konjittivi, u b'hekk, itejjeb meditazzjoni. It is also an excellent primer on phenomenological epistemology. Huwa wkoll eċċellenti primer fuq phenomenological epistemology.

The Logic of Causation - Causal Logic: THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION. ( 1999, Revised and expanded 2003) Il-loġika ta 'Kawżazzjoni - Logic kawżali: il-loġika ta KAWŻALITÀ. (1999, 2003 u mwessa Rivedut)

The Logic of Causation is a treatise of formal logic and of aetiology. Il-loġika ta 'Kawżazzjoni hija treatise tal-loġika formali u ta' l-etjoloġija. It is an original and wide-ranging investigation of the definition of causation (deterministic causality) in all its forms, and of the deduction and induction of such forms . This study is part of a larger work on causal logic, which additionally treats volition and allied cause-effect relations. Huwa oriġinali u wiesa 'investigazzjoni tad-definizzjoni ta' kawżalità (deterministic causality) fil-forom kollha tagħha, u tat-tnaqqis u l-induzzjoni ta 'tali formoli. Dan l-istudju huwa parti ta' firxa akbar ta 'xogħol fuq kawżali loġika, li addizzjonalment tittratta volontarjament u allejati relazzjonijiet kawża-effett. Starting with the paradigm of causation, its most obvious and strongest form, we can by abstraction of its defining components distinguish four genera of causation, or generic determinations, namely: complete, partial, necessary and contingent causation. Nibdew bl-paradigma ta 'kawżalità, l-aktar ovvju u l-aktar b'saħħtu forma, nistgħu mill-estrazzjoni ta' komponenti tagħha tiddefinixxi jiddistingwu erba ġeneri ta 'kawżalità, ġeneriċi jew determinazzjonijiet, jiġifieri: tlesti, parzjali, meħtieġa u kontinġenti kawżalità. When these genera and their negations are combined together in every which way, and tested for consistency, it is found that only four species of causation, or specific determinations, remain conceivable. Meta dawn il-ġeneri u negations tagħhom huma kkombinati flimkien li f'kull mod, u ttestjati għall-konsistenza, jinstab li biss erba 'speċi ta' kawżalità, jew speċifiċi determinazzjonijiet, jibqgħu konċepibbli.

The concept of causation thus gives rise to a number of positive and negative propositional forms, which can be studied in detail with relative ease because they are compounds of conjunctive and conditional propositions whose properties are already well known to logicians. Il-kunċett ta 'kawżalità b'hekk tagħti lok għal numru ta' kontrolli pożittivi u negattivi propositional forom, li jistgħu jiġu studjati fid-dettall mal-faċilità relattiva minħabba li huma komposti tal konġuntiv u kondizzjonali proposti li l-proprjetajiet tagħhom huma diġà magħrufa sew mal logicians. The logical relations (oppositions) between the various determinations (and their negations) are investigated, as well as their respective implications (eductions). Il-loġika relations (oppożizzjonijiet) bejn id-diversi determinazzjonijiet (u negations tagħhom) huma investigati, kif ukoll l-implikazzjonijiet rispettivi tagħhom (eductions). Thereafter, their interactions (in syllogistic reasoning) are treated in the most rigorous manner. Wara dan, l-interazzjonijiet tagħhom (b'mod syllogistic raġunament) huma ttrattati bl-aktar mod rigoruż. The question we try to answer here is: is (or when is) the cause of a cause of something itself a cause of that thing, and if so to what degree? The figures and moods of positive causative syllogism are listed exhaustively; and the resulting arguments validated or invalidated, as the case may be. Il-kwistjoni nippruvaw tweġiba hawnhekk huwa: hija (jew meta hu) il-kawża ta 'kawża ta' xi ħaġa stess kawża ta 'li ħaġa, u jekk iva sa liema grad? Iċ-ċifri u l-burdata tal pożittiv kawżattivi sillogismo huma elenkati b'mod eżawrjenti; u l - jirriżultaw argumenti validati jew invalidati, kif ikun il-każ. In this context, a universal and sure method of evaluation called 'matricial analysis' is developed. F'dan il-kuntest, universali u żgurat metodu ta 'valutazzjoni msejħa "matricial analiżi" huwa żviluppat. Because this (initial) method is cumbersome, it is used as little as possible; the remaining cases being evaluated by means of reduction. Għaliex dan (inizjali) metodu hija ineffiċjenti, huwa użat mill-inqas possibbli; l-bqija tal-każijiet li qed jiġu evalwati permezz ta 'tnaqqis.

The Logic of Causation thus deals with the main technicalities relating to reasoning about causation. Loika tal Kawżazzjoni b'hekk jittratta prinċipali teknikalitajiet motivazzjoni relatati mal dwar kawżalità. Some issues are, however, left unresolved in this first phase, because the ( macroanalytic ) methods introduced thus far are inadequate to resolve them. Xi kwistjonijiet huma, madankollu, li għadhom mhux solvuti f'din l-ewwel fażi, minħabba li l-(macroanalytic) metodi introdotti s'issa m'humiex adegwati biex jiġu riżolti. In a later phase, when more precise ( microanalytic ) methods are introduced, all such outstanding questions are systematically answered. Fl aktar fażi meta aktar preċiżi (microanalytic) metodi huma introdotti, tali kwistjonijiet pendenti kollha huma sistematikament wieġeb. Once all the deductive characteristics of causation in all its forms have been treated, we are able to discuss more intelligently its epistemological and ontological status – how it is induced, how far it is applicable, and so forth. Ladarba l-deduttiv karatteristiċi kollha ta 'kawżalità fil-forom kollha tagħha jkunu ġew ittrattati, aħna kapaċi biex jiddiskutu aktar intelliġenti tagħha epistemoloġiku u ontological status - kif tiġi indotta, safejn hu applikabbli, eċċ. In this context, past theories of causation can be reviewed and evaluated. F'dan il-kuntest, imgħoddi t-teoriji ta 'kawżalità jistgħu jiġu riveduti u evalwati. Some of the issues involved here, however, can only be dealt with in a larger perspective, after volition and other aspects of causality have been duly investigated. Uħud mill-kwistjonijiet involuti hawn, madankollu, tista 'biss tkun ittrattata fi akbar perspettiva, wara volontarjament u aspetti oħra ta' kawżalità jkun investigat kif xieraq.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts - Causal Logic: VOLITIONAND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS. (2004 ) Volontarjament u Allied kawżalità Concepts - kawżalità Logic: VOLITIONAND allied KAWŻALI KUNĊETTI. (2004)

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of aetiology and metapsychology. Volontarjament u Allied kawżalità Concepts hija ħidma ta 'etjoloġija u metapsychology. Aetiology is the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the study of causality (the cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and metapsychology is the study of the basic concepts common to all psychological discourse, most of which are causal. Etjoloġija hija l-fergħa tal-filosofija u l-loġika ddedikati għall-istudju tal-kawżalità (il-kawża u effett rigward) fil-forom kollha tagħha; u metapsychology hija l-istudju tal-kunċetti bażiċi komuni għall-psikoloġiku diskors, li ħafna minnhom huma kawżali.

Volition (or free will) is to be distinguished from causation and natural spontaneity. The latter categories, ie deterministic causality and its negation, have been treated in a separate work, The Logic of Causation . Volontarjament (jew ħielsa ser) għandu jkun distint mill-kawżalità u spontanjetà naturali. L-aħħar kategoriji, jiġifieri deterministic kawżalità u l-negazzjoni, ġew trattati b'mod separat xogħol, il-loġika ta 'Kawżazzjoni. Volition may be characterized as personal causality, a relation between an agent (the self or soul) and his actions (acts of will). Volontarjament jistgħu jiġu karatterizzati bħala personali każwalità, relazzjoni bejn aġent (jew l-awto-ruħ) u l-azzjonijiet tiegħu (ta 'atti se). Unlike causation, this relation cannot be entirely defined using conditional (if–then) propositions. B'differenza kawżalità, rigward din ma tistax tiġi definita bl-użu kondizzjonali (jekk 'mbagħad) propositions. Although we can say that the agent is a sine qua non of his actions, we cannot say that the agent is invariably (in all or specific circumstances) followed by his actions. Għalkemm nistgħu ngħidu li l-aġent huwa sine qua non ta 'l-azzjonijiet tiegħu, ma nistgħux ngħidu li l-aġent hija invarjabbilment (kollha jew ċirkostanzi speċifiċi) segwit mill-azzjonijiet tiegħu. It appears that both an act of will and its negation remain possible to a soul in any given set of circumstances. Jidher li kemm att ta 'ċaħda tagħha u se jibqa' possibbli għal ruħ fi kwalunkwe sett ta 'ċirkostanzi. This defines freedom of the will, and implies the responsibility of the agent for his actions. Dan jiddefinixxi libertà tat-testment, u jimplika r-responsabbiltà ta 'l-aġent għall-azzjonijiet tiegħu. Introspection provides knowledge of particular acts of will. Jipprovdi āewwa għarfien partikolari ta 'atti ta' testment.

The existence of freewill implies a distinction between necessary causation (determinism independent of volition) and inertial causation (determinism, except when some contrary will interferes). L-eżistenza ta 'freewill jimplika distinzjoni bejn meħtieġa kawżalità (determinism indipendenti tal volontarjament) u inerzjali kawżalità (determinism, ħlief meta xi kuntrarju se jinterferixxi). An act of will occurs on a spiritual plane. Att ta 'se jseħħ fuq pjan spiritwali. It may have natural (mental or physical) consequences; those that inevitably follow it may be regarded as directly willed, whereas those that vary according to circumstances must be considered indirectly willed. Jista 'jkollha naturali (mentali jew fiżika) konsegwenzi; dawk li inevitabbilment isegwu din tista' tiġi kkunsidrata bħala direttament willed, billi dawk li jvarjaw skond iċ-ċirkostanzi għandhom jiġu kkunsidrati indirettament willed. Volition presupposes some degree of consciousness. Volontarjament tippresupponi xi grad ta 'sensi. So-called involuntary acts of will involve a minimum of attention, whereas mindful acts are fully conscious. Hekk imsejħa atti ta 'involontarju se jinvolvu minimu ta' attenzjoni, billi żżomm f'moħħha atti huma kompletament konxji. Even pure whim involves intention. Pura anke kapriċċ jinvolvi intenzjoni. Most volitions moreover involve valuation, some sort of projection of goals, deliberation on means, choice and decision. Ħafna volitions moreover jinvolvi valutazzjoni, xi tip ta 'projezzjoni ta' miri, deliberazzjoni dwar il-mezzi, għażla u deċiżjoni. To judge responsibility, various distinctions are called for, like that between intentional, incidental and accidental consequences. Sabiex tiġġudika responsabbiltà, distinzjonijiet varji huma msejħa, bħal dik bejn intenzjonali, inċidentali u aċċidentali konsegwenzi.

Volitional action can be affected through the terms and conditions of the world surrounding its agent, but also more intimately through the influence of concrete or abstract aspects of that world that the subject has cognized. Volitional azzjoni il jiġi affettwat permezz termini u kondizzjonijiet tad-dinja li jdawwar l-aġent tiegħu, iżda wkoll aktar mill-qrib permezz ta 'l-influwenza ta' konkrit jew astratti aspetti dinjija ta 'dak li s-suġġett ikun cognized. The causal concept of influence , and its implication of cognition (of inner or outer information, including emotions), are crucial to measuring the effort involved in volition. Influences make willing easier or harder, yet do not curtail its essential freedom. Il kunċett kawżali ta 'influwenza, u l-implikazzjoni tal-konjizzjoni (ta' ġewwa jew fuq barra informazzjoni, inkluż emozzjonijiet), huma kruċjali għall-kejl tal-isforz involuti fl volontarjament. Influwenzi lesti jagħmlu aktar faċli jew diffiċli, iżda li ma inaqqas essenzjali tiegħu libertà. All the causal concepts used in psychological explanation – affections, appetites, instincts, habits, obsessions, compulsions, urges and impulses – can be elucidated thanks to this important finding. All the kawżali kunċetti użati fil psikoloġika spjegazzjoni - affections, appetites, instincts, drawwiet, obsessions, compulsions, u jħeġġeġ lill impulsi - tista 'tkun iċċarata grazzi għal din is-sejba importanti. Much of human (and animal) behavior can thus be both acknowledged as volitional and as variously influenced. Ħafna mill-bniedem (u annimali) komporatament għalhekk tista 'tiġi rikonoxxuta bħala volitional kemm u kif varjament influwenzat.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally resolving philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in psychology. Volontarjament u Allied kawżalità Concepts hija ħidma ta 'ambitu ambizzjuż, intenzjoni dwar finalment riżolta filosofiku u loġiku kwistjonijiet li dejjem mfixkla progress fil-psikoloġija. It clarifies the structure and workings of the psyche, facilitating hygienic and therapeutic endeavors. Din tiċċara l-istruttura u taħdem l-psyche, jiffaċilitaw iġjeniċi u terapewtiċi ħiliet. The relation between volition and physical laws is discussed, as is the place of volition in biology. Ir-relazzjoni bejn volontarjament u fiżiċi liġijiet hija diskussa, kif huwa l-post tal volontarjament fil-bijoloġija. Concepts used in biology, analogous to that of purpose, are incidentally analyzed. Kunċetti li jintużaw fil-bijoloġija, analoga għal dik ta 'l-għan, huma inċidentalment analizzat. Theological issues are also dealt with, as are some topics in ethics and law. Teoloġiċi kwistjonijiet huma trattati wkoll, bħalma huma xi temi f'dan etika u l-liġi.

Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: Sundry notes and essays on Logic. (2005) Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: sundry noti u esejs dwar Logic. (2005)

Ruminations is a collection of sundry notes and essays on Logic. Ruminations hija varja ġbir ta 'noti u esejs dwar Logic. These complement and enrich the author's past writings, further analyzing or reviewing certain issues. Dawn jikkomplementaw u jsaħħu l-awtur fil-passat kitbiet, aktar analiżi jew jirrevedu ċerti kwistjonijiet. Among the many topics covered are: the importance of the laws of thought, and how they are applied using the logic of paradox; details of formal logic, including some important new insights on the nesting, merger and splitting up of hypothetical propositions ; details of causal logic, including analogical reasoning from cause to cause; a phenomenological analysis of negation . Fost il-ħafna temi koperti huma: l-importanza tal-liġijiet tal-ħsieb, u kif dawn huma applikati bl-użu tal-loġika tal-paradoss; dettalji tal-loġika formali, inklużi xi punti importanti ġodda fuq il-kisbiet ta 'tbejjit, amalgamazzjonijiet u qsim ta' natura ipotetika propositions; dettalji ta ' kawżali loġika, inkluż minn analoġiku raġunament jikkawża li tikkawża; a phenomenological analiżi tan-negazzjoni.

Additionally, this volume is used to publish a number of notes and essays previously only posted in the Internet site www.TheLogician.net, including: a thoroughly revised version of an essay on JS Mill's Methods ; various addenda and diagrams for Judaic Logic, as well as a historical essay; a brief analysis of Islamic logic . Barra minn hekk, dan il-volum huwa użat biex tippubblika numru ta 'noti u esejs preċedentement biss stazzjonati fil-Internet site www.TheLogician.net, inkluż: a sewwa verżjoni riveduta ta' esej dwar JS Mill's Metodi; diversi dijagrammi u addenda għall Judaic Logic, kif ukoll bħala storika essay; għal analiżi qasira tal Islamika logic.

Meditations - MEDITATIONS: A Spiritual Logbook. ( 2006) Meditations - MEDITATIONS: A Spiritwali Logbook. (2006)

A meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase awareness , sustained over some time. A meditazzjoni hija volontarja eżerċizzju maħsuba biex iżidu l-kuxjenza, sostnuti matul xi żmien. The main purpose of the present Meditations is to inspire and assist readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular 'sitting meditation'. L-għan ewlieni ta 'l-Meditations preżenti huwa li jispira u tassisti lill-qarrejja biex prattika meditazzjoni ta' xi tip, u b'mod partikolari "seduta meditazzjoni". This includes practices such as: observing the mechanisms of one's thinking, stopping unnecessary thought, forgetting things about one's self and one's life that are irrelevant to the current effort of meditation, dealing with distractions, becoming aware of one's breath, being here and now. Din tinkludi prattiċi bħal: l-osservazzjoni tal-mekkaniżmi tal-ħsibijiet tal-waħda, il-waqfien bla bżonn ħsieb, jinsa affarijiet dwar l-awtoregolazzjoni u wieħed wieħed tal-ħajja li huma irrilevanti għall-isforz kurrenti ta 'meditazzjoni, li jittrattaw mal distractions, jsiru konxji tal-modi ta' nifs, li jkun hawn u issa.

After such practice for some time, one gets to realize the value of meditation, and one's commitment to it grows. Wara din il-prattika għal xi żmien, waħda gets biex tkun realizzata l-valur ta 'meditazzjoni, u waħda tal-Kummissjoni li iżda jikber. The need for behavioral improvement becomes more and more obvious, and one finds it easy and natural to put more discipline into one's life. Il-ħtieġa għal komportamentali titjib ikun aktar u aktar ovvju, u wieħed isibha faċli u naturali sabiex tpoġġi aktar dixxiplina fis il-ħajja. Various recommendations are given in this regard.  Prior to such practical guidance, so as to prepare the reader for it, the book reviews the theoretical teachings relating to meditation in the main traditions of mankind. Rakkomandazzjonijiet varji huma mogħtija f'dan ir-rigward. Qabel tali gwida prattika, sabiex tipprepara l-qarrej għal dan, l-book reviews teoretiku teachings relatati mal meditazzjoni fil-tradizzjonijiet prinċipali ta 'l-umanità. The ultimate goals of meditation, the various methods or techniques used to achieve them, the experiential results of meditation, and the interpretations given to them, are topics treated here. Il-miri ta 'meditazzjoni aħħari, id-diversi metodi jew metodi ta' teknika użati biex jinkisbu, il-experiential riżultati ta 'meditazzjoni, u l-interpretazzjonijiet mogħtija lilhom, huma suġġetti ttrattati hawn.

Logical and Spiritual Reflections - LOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL REFLECTIONS. ( 2008) Loġiku u spiritwali Ħsibijiet - loġiku u spiritwali RIFLESSJONIJIET. (2008)

A collection of shorter philosophical works, in two parts. A ġbir ta 'iqsar filosofiku xogħlijiet, f'żewġ partijiet.

The first part, consisting of Logical Reflections, includes: L-ewwel parti, li jikkonsisti Logical Ħsibijiet, jinkludi:

Hume's Problems with Induction , which is intended to describe and refute some of the main doubts and objections David Hume raised with regard to inductive reasoning. Hume's Problemi bil induzzjoni, li huwa maħsub biex jiddeskrivu u jirribatti xi wħud mill-dubji prinċipali u David Hume qajmu oġġezzjonijiet fir-rigward ta 'inductive raġunament. It replaces the so-called problem of induction with a principle of induction. Din tieħu post l-hekk imsejħa problema ta 'l-induzzjoni bil-prinċipju ta' induzzjoni. David Hume's notorious skepticism was based on errors of observation and reasoning, with regard to induction, causation, necessity, the self and freewill. David Hume's notorji skepticism kien ibbażat fuq żbalji ta 'osservazzjoni u ta' motivazzjoni fir-rigward ta 'induzzjoni, kawżalità, neċessità, l-awtoregolazzjoni u freewill. These are here pointed out and critically analyzed in detail – and more accurate and logical theories are proposed. Dawn huma hawn rrilevat kritiku u analizzati fid-dettall - u aktar preċiża u loġiku teoriji huma proposti. The present work also includes refutations of Hempel's and Goodman's alleged paradoxes of induction. Il-ħidma li jinkludi wkoll refutations tal Hempel's u Goodman-allegata paradossi ta 'induzzjoni.

A Short Critique of Kant's Unreason , which is a brief critical analysis of some of the salient epistemological and ontological ideas and theses in Immanuel Kant's famous Critique of Pure Reason. A Short kritika tal Kant's Unreason, li hija fil-qosor analiżi kritika ta 'wħud mill-saljenti epistemoloġiku ontological u ideat u fil-teżijiet Immanuel Kant's famużi kritika tal Pure Reason. It shows that Kant was in no position to criticize reason, because he neither sufficiently understood its workings nor had the logical tools needed for the task. Dan juri li Kant kien fl-ebda pożizzjoni li jikkritika lill-raġuni, peress illi huwa mifhum la biżżejjed tħaddim tiegħu lanqas ma kellhom l-loġika għodod meħtieġa għall-kompitu. Kant's transcendental reality, his analytic-synthetic dichotomy, his views on experience and concept formation, and on the forms of sensibility (space and time) and understanding (his twelve categories), are here all subjected to rigorous logical evaluation and found deeply flawed – and more coherent theories are proposed in their stead. Kant tal transcendental realtà, tiegħu analitiċi sintetiċi dikotomija, veduti tiegħu fuq l-esperjenza u l-kunċett formazzjoni, u fuq il-formoli ta 'sensibbiltà (spazju u ħin) u l-fehim (his tnax-il kategoriji), hawn huma kollha soġġetti għal evalwazzjoni rigoruża loġiku u misjuba profondament flawed -- u aktar koerenti teoriji huma proposti fl tagħhom minfloku.

In Defense of Aristotle's Laws of Thought , which addresses, from a phenomenological standpoint, numerous modern and Buddhist objections and misconceptions regarding the basic principles of Aristotelian logic. Many people seem to be attacking Aristotle's Laws of Thought nowadays, some coming from the West and some from the East. Fil-Difiża ta 'Aristotle's Laws tal-Ħsieb, li tindirizza, minn phenomenological lat, numerużi modern u Buddhist oġġezzjonijiet u kunċetti żbaljati dwar l-prinċipji bażiċi ta' Aristotelian logic. Ħafna nies jidhru li huma jattakkaw Aristotle's Laws tal-Ħsieb illum, xi ġejjin mill-Punent u xi mill-Lvant. It is important to review and refute such ideas as they arise. Huwa importanti li tirrevedi u jirribatti dawn l-ideat kif iseħħu.

The second part, consisting of Spiritual Reflections, includes: It-tieni parti, li jikkonsisti Spiritwali Ħsibijiet, jinkludi:

More Meditations , which is a sequel to the author's earlier work, Meditations . Aktar Meditations, li hija Sequel lill-awtur tal-ħidma preċedenti, Meditations. It proposes additional practical methods and theoretical insights relating to meditation and Buddhism. Hija tipproponi addizzjonali metodi prattiċi u teoretiċi intuwiti li għandhom x'jaqsmu ma 'meditazzjoni u Buddhism. It also discusses certain often glossed over issues relating to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism, importation to the West. Hija tiddiskuti wkoll ċerti spiss glossed fuq kwistjonijiet relatati ma Buddhism - notevolment, historicity, idolatry, messianism, l-importazzjoni lejn il-Punent.

Zen Judaism , which is a frank reflection on the tensions between reason and faith in today's context of knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation into Judaism. Zen Judaism, li hija sinċiera riflessjoni dwar it-tensjonijiet bejn ir-raġuni u fede tal-lum fil-kuntest ta 'l-għarfien, u fuq il-bżonn biex tinjetta Zen-like meditazzjoni fis Judaism. This work also treats some issues in ethics and theodicy. Dan ix-xogħol ukoll li tittratta xi kwistjonijiet fil-etika u theodicy.

No to Sodom , which is an essay against homosexuality, using biological, psychological, spiritual, ethical and political arguments. Nru biex Sodom, li huwa kontra essay omosesswalità, bl-użu bioloġiċi, psikoloġiċi, spiritwali, etiċi u politiċi argumenti.

Other Writings - Kitbiet Oħra --

Various notes and essays in English and French. Diversi noti u esejs bl-Ingliż u bil-Franċiż. Previews and other temporary postings, .pdf files for download, etc. PreviŜjonijiet u oħrajn temporanji,. Fajls pdf ta 'download, eċċ