Future Logic - FUTURE LOGIC: Prihodnost Logic - PRIHODNOST LOGIKA: Categorical and Conditional Deduction and Induction Kategorična in Pogojno odštevanja in indukcija of the Natural, Temporal, Extensional, and Logical Modalities . na naravne, Časovna, ekstenzijski, logičnih in modalitete. (1990, revised 1996) (1990, revidiran 1996)

Future Logic is an original, and wide-ranging treatise of formal logic. Prihodnost Logic je original, in široke Teza o formalni logiki. It deals with deduction and induction, of categorical and conditional propositions, involving the natural, temporal, extensional, and logical modalities. Ukvarja se z odbitkom in indukcije, ki kategorična in pogojna predloge, ki vključujejo fizične, časovne, ekstenzijski in logično načine. Traditional and Modern logic have covered in detail only formal deduction from actual categoricals, or from logical conditionals (conjunctives, hypotheticals, and disjunctives). Tradicionalne in moderne logike so zajete v podrobno samo formalne odbitek od dejanske categoricals, ali iz logičnih pogojih (conjunctives, hypotheticals in disjunctives). Deduction from modal categoricals has also been considered, though very vaguely and roughly; whereas deduction from natural, temporal and extensional forms of conditioning has been all but totally ignored. Odbitek od načina categoricals je bil upoštevan tudi, čeprav je zelo ohlapna in v grobem, ker odbitek od fizične, časovne in ekstenzijski oblike kondicioniranje je bilo vse, ampak popolnoma prezrt. As for induction, apart from the elucidation of adductive processes (the scientific method), almost no formal work has been done. Kot je za indukcijo, razen obrazložitev adductive procesov (znanstvene metode), skoraj nobenega uradnega dela je bilo narejenega.

This is the first work ever to strictly formalize the inductive processes of generalization and particularization , through the novel methods of factorial analysis, factor selection and formula revision. To je prvo delo vedno strogo formalizirajo v induktivnih procesov Generalizacija in particularization z novimi metodami faktorsko analizo, dejavnik za izbiro in formula revizijo. This is the first work ever to develop a formal logic of the natural, temporal and extensional types of conditioning (as distinct from logical conditioning), including their production from modal categorical premises. To je prvo delo, kdaj naj razvijejo formalno logiko fizične, časovne in ekstenzijski vrste kondicioniranje (za razliko od logičnega klimatizacija), vključno s proizvodnjo iz načina kategorična prostorov.

Future Logic contains a great many other new discoveries, organized into a unified, consistent and empirical system, with precise definitions of the various categories and types of modality (including logical modality), and full awareness of the epistemological and ontological issues involved. Future Logic vsebuje veliko drugih novih odkritij, organizirane v enoten, skladen in empirični sistem, z natančno opredelitev različnih kategorij in tipov oblike (vključno logičen način), in zavedajoč se vseh epistemological in Ontological vprašanj. Though strictly formal, it uses ordinary language, wherever symbols can be avoided. Čeprav strogo formalna, ki jih uporablja navadni jezik, simboli, kjer se je mogoče izogniti. Among its other contributions: Med drugimi prispevki:   a full list of the valid modal syllogisms (which is more restrictive than previous lists); the main formalities of the logic of change (which introduces a dynamic instead of merely static approach to classification); the first formal definitions celoten seznam je veljaven modal syllogisms (ki je bolj omejevalni, kot je prejšnje sezname); glavnih formalnosti logiko spremembe (ki uvaja dinamičen namesto zgolj statični pristop za razvrstitev); prve uradne definicije of the modal types of causality ; a new theory of class logic , free of the Russell Paradox; as well as a critical review of modern metalogic. od modalnih tipi vzročnosti; nova teorija razred logika, proste te Russell paradoks, kakor tudi kritičen pregled sodobnih metalogic. But it is impossible to list briefly all the innovations in logical science -- and therefore, epistemology and ontology -- this book presents; it has to be read for its scope to be appreciated. Ampak to je nemogoče, da na kratko seznam vseh novosti v logično znanosti - in zato, epistemology in Ontologija - ta knjiga predstavlja, je treba brati za njeno področje, da se cenijo.

Phenomenology - PHENOMENOLOGY: Basing Knowledge On Appearance. (2003; expanded 2005) Phenomenology - phenomenology: čemer znanja o Videz. (2003, razširjen 2005)

Phenomenology is the study of appearance as such. Fenomenologije je študija izgleda kot take. It is a branch of both Ontology and Epistemology, since appearing is being known. Zato je podružnica, tako Ontologija in Gnoseologija, saj se pojavljajo znane. By an 'appearance' is meant any existent which impinges on consciousness, anything cognized, irrespective of any judgment as to whether it be 'real' or 'illusory.' S "videz" pomeni vsako obstoječe, ki posega v zavesti, kaj cognized, neodvisno od katere koli sodbe o tem, ali je bilo "dejansko" ali "iluzornim". The evaluation of a particular appearance as a reality or an illusion is a complex process, involving inductive and deductive logical principles and activities. Ocena zlasti izgleda kot realnost ali iluzija je kompleksen proces, ki vključuje induktiven in deductive logična načela in dejavnosti. Opinion has to earn the status of strict knowledge. Mnenje je, da pridobi status strogo znanja.

Knowledge develops from appearances , which may be: (a) objects of perception , ie concretes or phenomena in the physical or mental domains; (b) objects of intuition , ie one's subjective self, cognitions, volitions and valuations; and/or (c) objects of conception , ie simple or complex abstracts of preceding appearances. Znanje se razvija od nastopov, ki je lahko: (a) predmeti, percepcije, tj betone ali pojavih, v telesnem ali duševnem področju; (b) predmeti iz intuicije, tj svoje subjektivne samouprave, cognitions, volitions in cenitve; in / ali (c ) predmetov za zasnove, tj enostavne ali kompleksne povzetkov iz prejšnjih nastopih. Abstraction relies on apprehensions of sameness and difference between appearances (including received or projected appearances, and projected negations of appearances). Odvzem temelji na apprehensions za enakost in razlika med Appearances (vključno prejel ali načrtovanih nastopov, in načrtovanih negations o izgledu). Coherence in knowledge (perceptual, intuitive and conceptual) is maintained by apprehensions of compatibility or incompatibility. Skladnost na področju znanja (perceptual, intuitivno in konceptualno) se vzdržuje z apprehensions o združljivosti ali nezdružljivosti. Words facilitate our construction of conceptual knowledge, thanks to their intentionality. Besede olajšala naše gradnja konceptualnega znanja, zaradi njihove naklepa. The abstract concepts most words intend are common characters or behaviors of particulars (concrete material, mental or subjective experiences). Granting everything in the world is reducible to waves, 'universals' would be equalities or proportionalities in the measures of the features, motions and interrelations of particular waves. Abstraktnih konceptov najbolj besedami nameravajo so skupna znakov ali vedenja podatkov (konkretno gradivo, duševno ali subjektivne izkušnje). Dodelitev vse na svetu je zmanjšati na valove "universals" bi bilo enako ali proportionalities v ukrepe funkcij, predlogi in medsebojnih zlasti valovi. Such a theory of universals would elucidate sensation and memory. Takšna teorija bi universals Rasvijetliti občutek in spomin.

In attempting to retrace the development of conceptual knowledge from experience, we may refer to certain major organizing principles. V poskusu, da se izsledi razvoj konceptualnih znanja iz izkušenj, smo se lahko sklicuje na nekatere glavne organiziranje načeli. It is also important to keep track of the order of things in such development, interrelating specific concepts and specific experiences. Pomembno je tudi slediti, da se stvari na tak razvoj, interrelating posebnih konceptov in posebnih izkušenj. By proposing a precise sequence of events, we avoid certain logical fallacies and are challenged to try and answer certain crucial questions in more detail. Ki jih predlaga natančno zaporedje dogodkov, smo se izognili nekaterim logično fallacies in so izzvani, da poskusite odgovoriti na nekatera bistvena vprašanja bolj podrobno. Many more topics are discussed in the present collection of essays, including selfhood, adduction and other logical issues, the status of mathematical concepts and theology. Veliko več temami so obravnavani v tem zbirka esejev, vključno selfhood, Dražba in druga vprašanja, logično, stanje matematičnih pojmov in teologije.

Judaic Logic - JUDAIC LOGIC Jevrejski Logic - Jevrejski LOGIKA : :   A Formal Analysis of Biblical, Talmudic and Rabbinic Logic . Formalna analiza svetopisemskih, Talmudic in Rabinski Logic. (1995, Slatkine 1997) (1995 Slatkine 1997)

Judaic Logic is an original inquiry into the forms of thought determining Jewish law and belief, from the impartial perspective of a logician. Judaic Logic attempts to honestly estimate the extent to which the logic employed within Judaism fits into the general norms, and whether it has any contributions to make to them . The author ranges far and wide in Jewish lore, finding clear evidence of both inductive and deductive reasoning in the Torah and other books of the Bible, and analyzing the methodology of the Talmud and other Rabbinic literature by means of formal tools which make possible its objective evaluation with reference to scientific logic. Jevrejski Logic je prvotni preiskavi oblike misli določanje judovsko pravo in prepričanja, od nepristranske perspektive za logician. Jevrejski Logic poskusi pošteno oceniti obseg, do katerega logika zaposlene v judovstvu paše v splošnih norm, in ali je kakršnih koli prispevkov, da bi z njimi. avtorja sega daleč in široko v judovski Nauka, iskanju jasnih dokazov tako induktivna in Dedukcija v Torah in drugih knjig Svetega pisma, in analiziranju metodologije za Talmud in drugih Rabinski literature s pomočjo formalnih orodij, ki omogočajo ovrednotenje njegovega cilja s sklicevanjem na znanstveno logiko. The result is a highly innovative work - incisive and open, free of clichés or manipulation. Rezultat je izredno inovativno delo - prodornejša in odprt, brez clichés ali manipulacijo.

Judaic Logic succeeds in translating vague and confusing interpretative principles and examples into formulas with the clarity and precision of Aristotelean syllogism. Jevrejski Logic uspe prevajanje nejasno in zmedeno razlagalna načela in primeri v formule z jasnosti in natančnosti Aristotelean Silogizam. Among the positive outcomes, for logic in general, are a thorough listing, analysis and validation of the various forms of a-fortiori argument , as well as a clarification of dialectic logic . However, on the negative side, this demystification of Talmudic/Rabbinic modes of thought (hermeneutic and heuristic) reveals most of them to be, contrary to the boasts of orthodox commentators, far from deductive and certain. Med pozitivne rezultate, za logiko na splošno, so temeljito kotacijo, analizo in validacijo različnih oblik, a fortiori trditve, kakor tudi pojasnitev dialektične logike. Vendar pa je na negativni strani, to demystification of Talmudic / Rabinski načinov razmišljanja (Hermeneutički in heuristic) pokaže, večina od njih, da se v nasprotju s tem, se ponaša z pravoslavnih komentatorji, daleč od deductive in gotova. They are often, legitimately enough, inductive. Pogosto so prisiljeni zakonito dovolj, induktivna. But they are also often unnatural and arbitrary constructs, supported by unverifiable claims and fallacious techniques. Vendar pa so tudi pogosto samovoljno in nenaraven konstrukt, ki jih podpira unverifiable terjatev in Varljiv tehnik.

Many other thought-processes, used but not noticed or discussed by the Rabbis, are identified in this treatise, and subjected to logical review. Mnoge druge misli-procese, ki se uporablja, vendar ni opazil, ali o kateri je razpravljal Rabbis, so opredeljene v tej treatise in opraviti pregled logično. Various more or less explicit Rabbinic doctrines, which have logical significance, are also examined in it. Razne bolj ali manj izrecno Rabinski nauke, ki so logični pomen, so obravnavana tudi v to. In particular, this work includes a formal study of the ethical logic (deontology) found in Jewish law, to elicit both its universal aspects and its peculiarities. Zlasti to delo vključuje formalne študije o etični logiki (deontologija) najti v judovsko pravo, pridobiti njene univerzalne vidike in njene posebnosti. With regard to Biblical studies, one notable finding is an explicit formulation (which, however, the Rabbis failed to take note of and stress) of the principles of adduction [2] in the Torah, written long before the acknowledgement of these principles in Western philosophy and their assimilation in a developed theory of knowledge. Another surprise is that, in contrast to Midrashic claims, the Tanakh (Jewish Bible) contains a lot more than ten instances of qal vachomer (a-fortiori) reasoning. Glede na svetopisemski študije, ena opazni ugotovitev je izrecna formulacija (ki pa je Rabbis ne upošteva in stres) od načel Dražba [2] v Toro, dolgo pred pisnim potrdilom o teh načel v Zahodni filozofije in njihovo asimilacijo v razvite teorije znanja. Drugo presenečenje je, da je v nasprotju s Midrashic zahtevkov, Tanakh (Judovska Biblija) vsebuje veliko več kot deset primerkov qal vachomer (a fortiori) obrazložitve.

In sum, Judaic Logic elucidates and evaluates the epistemological assumptions which have generated the Halakhah (Jewish religious jurisprudence) and allied doctrines. Skratka, Jevrejski Logic elucidates in ocenjuje epistemological predpostavke, ki so ustvarjeni v Halakhah (judovske verske sodno prakso) in sorodne nauki. Traditional justifications, or rationalizations, concerning Judaic law and belief, are carefully dissected and weighed at the level of logical process and structure, without concern for content. Tradicionalni obrazložitvah, ali rationalizations, o Jevrejski pravo in prepričanja, so skrbno razkosanih in stehtamo na ravni procesa in logična struktura, brez skrbi za vsebino. This foundational approach, devoid of any critical or supportive bias, clears the way for a timely reassessment of orthodox Judaism (and incidentally, other religious systems, by means of analogies or contrasts). Judaic Logic ought, therefore, to be read by all Halakhists, as well as Bible and Talmud scholars and students; and also by everyone interested in the theory, practise and history of logic. Ta foundational pristop, brez kritičnih ali podporno pristranskosti, počisti pot pravočasno ponovne pravoslavnih Judovstvo (in mimogrede, drugih verskih sistemov, s pomočjo analogije ali kontrasti). Jevrejski Logic bi zato, da se berejo vsi Halakhists , kot tudi Biblija in Talmud akademike in študente; in tudi vse zainteresirane v teorije, prakse in zgodovino logike.

Buddhist Illogic - BUDDHIST ILLOGIC : A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna's Arguments. Budistični Illogic - Budistični ILLOGIC: A Critical Analysis of Nagarjuna argumenti. (2002) (2002)

The 2nd Century CE Indian philosopher Nagarjuna founded the Madhyamika (Middle Way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, which strongly influenced Chinese, Korean and Japanese (Ch'an or Zen) Buddhism, as well as Tibetan Buddhism. V 2. stoletju CE indijski filozof Nagarjuna ustanovil Madhyamika (Middle Way) šola Mahajana budizem, ki je močno vplival kitajski, korejski in japonski (Ch'an ali Zen) budizma, kot tudi tibetanski budizem. Nagarjuna is regarded by many Buddhist writers to this day as a very important philosopher, who they claim definitively proved the futility of ordinary human cognitive means. Nagarjuna je po mnenju mnogih budističnih piscev na ta dan, kot zelo pomemben filozof, ki trdijo, da so dokončno Beskorisnost navadnih ljudi kognitivne sredstvi. His writings include a series of arguments purporting to show the illogic of logic, the absurdity of reason . Njegova writings vključujejo vrsto argumentov namen je prikazati illogic logike, je nesmiselnost razloga. He considers this the way to verbalize and justify the Buddhist doctrine of “emptiness” ( Shunyata ). These arguments attack some of the basic tenets and techniques of reasoning, such as the laws of thought (identity, non-contradiction and the excluded middle), conceptualization and predication, our common assumptions of self, entities and essences, as well as our beliefs in motion and causation. On meni, da je to pot do Verbalizovati in utemelji budistične doktrine "praznine" (Shunyata). Ti argumenti napad nekaterih osnovnih načel in tehnik argumenti, kot so zakoni mišljenja (identiteta, non-contradiction in izključiti sredini) , konceptualizacija in Trditi, naše skupne predpostavke samouprave, gospodarskih subjektov in esence, kot tudi naše prepričanje v gibanju in vzročnosti.

The present essay demonstrates the many sophistries involved in Nagarjuna's arguments. Sedanji eseju dokazuje veliko sophistries vključene v Nagarjuna argumenti. He uses double standards, applying or ignoring the laws of thought and other norms as convenient to his goals; he manipulates his readers, by giving seemingly logical form (like the dilemma) to his discourse, while in fact engaged in non-sequiturs or appealing to doubtful premises; he plays with words, relying on unclear terminology, misleading equivocations and unfair fixations of meaning; and he 'steals concepts', using them to deny the very percepts on which they are based. Although a critique of the Madhyamika philosophical interpretation and defense of “emptiness”, Buddhist Illogic is not intended to dissuade readers from Buddhism. On uporabo dvojnih standardov, ki veljajo ali neupoštevanje zakonodaje mislil in drugih norm, kot je primerno njegovi cilji; on manipulira njegova bralci, ki jih daje videz logično obliko (npr. dilema) za njegov diskurz, medtem ko v resnici opravljajo v tretjih sequiturs ali pritožbo za dvomljive prostore; je igra z besedami, ki se opira na nejasna terminologija, zavajajoče in nepošteno equivocations posnetke smislu, in kdo "ukrade pojmi", ki jih uporabljajo za zavrnitev zelo percepts, na katerih temeljijo. Čeprav je kritika na Madhyamika filozofske razlage in obramba "praznine", budistični Illogic ni namenjena bralcem odvrniti od budizma. On the contrary, its aim to enhance personal awareness of actual cognitive processes, and so improve meditation. Ravno nasprotno, njegov cilj za povečanje osebne zavesti dejanskega kognitivne procese in tako izboljša meditacijo. It is also an excellent primer on phenomenological epistemology. Prav tako je odličen Osnovni Fenomenološki epistemology.

The Logic of Causation - Causal Logic: THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION. ( 1999, Revised and expanded 2003) The Logic of vzroku škode - Vzročna Logic: Logika VZROČNI. (1999, spremenjen in razširjen 2003)

The Logic of Causation is a treatise of formal logic and of aetiology. The Logic of Vzročna zveza je Teza o formalni logiki in etiologije. It is an original and wide-ranging investigation of the definition of causation (deterministic causality) in all its forms, and of the deduction and induction of such forms . This study is part of a larger work on causal logic, which additionally treats volition and allied cause-effect relations. To je izvirno in obsežno preiskavo opredelitvijo vzročnosti (Predodređen vzročnost) v vseh njegovih oblikah in odbitek in indukcija teh oblik. Ta študija je del večjega dela na vzročno logiko, ki se dodatno obravnava in volji sorodne povzročajo učinek odnosov. Starting with the paradigm of causation, its most obvious and strongest form, we can by abstraction of its defining components distinguish four genera of causation, or generic determinations, namely: complete, partial, necessary and contingent causation. Začenši s paradigmo o vzročni zvezi, njene najbolj očitne in najmočnejši obrazec, ki ga bomo lahko odvzem njegove opredelitvi komponent razlikujejo štiri rodove vzročnosti, ali splošne ugotovitve, in sicer: popolna, delna, je potrebno in pogojna vzročnosti. When these genera and their negations are combined together in every which way, and tested for consistency, it is found that only four species of causation, or specific determinations, remain conceivable. Pri teh rodov in njihovo negations se združujejo skupaj v kateri vsak način, in testiran za skladnost je bilo ugotovljeno, da le štiri vrste vzročne zveze, ali posebne ugotovitve, ostajajo zamišljamo.

The concept of causation thus gives rise to a number of positive and negative propositional forms, which can be studied in detail with relative ease because they are compounds of conjunctive and conditional propositions whose properties are already well known to logicians. Pojem vzročne kar povzroča številne pozitivne in negativne propositional obrazci, ki jih je mogoče podrobno preučiti, z relativno enostavno, ker so spojine Vezivni in pogojna predloge, katerih lastnosti so že dobro znani logicians. The logical relations (oppositions) between the various determinations (and their negations) are investigated, as well as their respective implications (eductions). Logično odnosi (ugovorov) med različnimi odločitev (in njihovih negations) so raziskovali, kot tudi njihove posledice (eductions). Thereafter, their interactions (in syllogistic reasoning) are treated in the most rigorous manner. Potem, njihove interakcije (v syllogistic obrazložitve), se obravnavajo v najbolj strog način. The question we try to answer here is: is (or when is) the cause of a cause of something itself a cause of that thing, and if so to what degree? The figures and moods of positive causative syllogism are listed exhaustively; and the resulting arguments validated or invalidated, as the case may be. Vprašanje bomo skušali odgovoriti je: je (ali če je) je razlog za vzrok kaj sama vzrok za to stvar, in če je, v kolikšni meri? Številke in razpoloženja pozitivne vzročne Silogizam taksativno naštete; in posledica trditve potrjene ali razveljavi, kot je lahko primer. In this context, a universal and sure method of evaluation called 'matricial analysis' is developed. V tem smislu univerzalna in zagotoviti metodo ocenjevanja imenovane "matricial analize" je razvila. Because this (initial) method is cumbersome, it is used as little as possible; the remaining cases being evaluated by means of reduction. Ker ta (začetna) metoda je naporno, se uporabljajo čim manj; ostalih primerih se vrednoti s pomočjo znižanja.

The Logic of Causation thus deals with the main technicalities relating to reasoning about causation. The Logic of Vzročna tako se ukvarja z glavnimi Tehnikalije zvezi z argumenti o vzročni zvezi. Some issues are, however, left unresolved in this first phase, because the ( macroanalytic ) methods introduced thus far are inadequate to resolve them. Nekatera vprašanja pa so prepuščena nerešenih v tej prvi fazi, saj je (macroanalytic) metode uvedli tako daleč ne zadostujejo za njihovo rešitev. In a later phase, when more precise ( microanalytic ) methods are introduced, all such outstanding questions are systematically answered. V kasnejši fazi, ko je bolj natančna (microanalytic) metode so uvedeni, se vsi taki odprta vprašanja, so sistematično odgovoril. Once all the deductive characteristics of causation in all its forms have been treated, we are able to discuss more intelligently its epistemological and ontological status – how it is induced, how far it is applicable, and so forth. Ko vse deductive značilnosti vzročnosti v vseh njegovih oblikah so bili obdelani, bomo lahko razpravljali več pametno svojem epistemological in Ontological status - kako je povzročeno, kako daleč je to primerno, in tako naprej. In this context, past theories of causation can be reviewed and evaluated. V tem okviru preteklih teorij vzročnosti lahko pregledali in ocenili. Some of the issues involved here, however, can only be dealt with in a larger perspective, after volition and other aspects of causality have been duly investigated. Nekatera vprašanja, ki sodelujejo tukaj, pa se lahko obravnavajo v večji perspektivi, po volji in drugih vidikov vzročne zveze, so bile ustrezno preiskane.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts - Causal Logic: VOLITIONAND ALLIED CAUSAL CONCEPTS. (2004 ) Volji in Allied Vzročna Concepts - Vzročna Logic: VOLITIONAND sorodnih VZROČNA konceptov. (2004)

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of aetiology and metapsychology. Volji in Allied Vzročna Concepts je delo etiologije in metapsychology. Aetiology is the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the study of causality (the cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and metapsychology is the study of the basic concepts common to all psychological discourse, most of which are causal. Etiologiji je veja filozofije, logike in nameniti študiji o vzročnosti (vzrok-učinek odnosu) v vseh njegovih oblikah in metapsychology je preučevanje osnovnih konceptov, skupnih vsem psihološki diskurz, ki so večinoma vzročno.

Volition (or free will) is to be distinguished from causation and natural spontaneity. The latter categories, ie deterministic causality and its negation, have been treated in a separate work, The Logic of Causation . Volji (ali svobodna volja), je treba razlikovati od vzročnostjo in naravne spontanosti. Slednji kategorijah, tj Predodređen vzročnosti in njegovo zanikanje, so bile obravnavane v ločenem delu, logiko vzročnosti. Volition may be characterized as personal causality, a relation between an agent (the self or soul) and his actions (acts of will). Hoteti lahko označeni kot osebni vzročnostjo, povezavi med agent (samosprožilec ali dušo) in njegova dejanja (dejanj bo). Unlike causation, this relation cannot be entirely defined using conditional (if–then) propositions. Za razliko od vzrokov, glede tega ni mogoče v celoti opredeljeno z uporabo pogojnega (če-potem) Propositions. Although we can say that the agent is a sine qua non of his actions, we cannot say that the agent is invariably (in all or specific circumstances) followed by his actions. Čeprav lahko rečemo, da je agent je osnovni pogoj za njegovo ravnanje, ne moremo reči, da je agent je vedno (v vse ali posebne okoliščine), ki ji sledi njegova dejanja. It appears that both an act of will and its negation remain possible to a soul in any given set of circumstances. Zdi se, da tako dejanje volje in njegovo zanikanje ostati mogoče dušo v vseh določenih okoliščinah. This defines freedom of the will, and implies the responsibility of the agent for his actions. Ta opredeljuje svobodo volje, in pomeni odgovornost povzročitelja za svoja dejanja. Introspection provides knowledge of particular acts of will. Introspection zagotavlja znanje predvsem dejanj volje.

The existence of freewill implies a distinction between necessary causation (determinism independent of volition) and inertial causation (determinism, except when some contrary will interferes). Obstoj Dobrovoljan pomeni razliko med potrebno vzročnosti (determinism neodvisno od volje) in inercialna vzročnosti (determinizma, razen če nekateri nasprotno bo ovira). An act of will occurs on a spiritual plane. Dejanje bo pojavlja na duhovno ravnino. It may have natural (mental or physical) consequences; those that inevitably follow it may be regarded as directly willed, whereas those that vary according to circumstances must be considered indirectly willed. To so lahko fizične (telesne ali duševne) posledice, tiste, ki neizogibno sledijo lahko štejejo za neposredno volje, ker tistih, ki se razlikujejo glede na okoliščine je treba upoštevati posredno volje. Volition presupposes some degree of consciousness. Hoteti predpostavlja določeno stopnjo zavesti. So-called involuntary acts of will involve a minimum of attention, whereas mindful acts are fully conscious. Tako imenovana neprostovoljne aktov bo vključevalo najmanj pozornosti, ker se zaveda dejanja so popolnoma zaveda. Even pure whim involves intention. Tudi čisti Kapric vključuje nameri. Most volitions moreover involve valuation, some sort of projection of goals, deliberation on means, choice and decision. Večina volitions poleg tega vključuje vrednotenje, neko projekcijo ciljev razpravi o sredstvih, izbire in odločitve. To judge responsibility, various distinctions are called for, like that between intentional, incidental and accidental consequences. Za sodnika odgovornost različnih odlikovanja so zahtevali, da se kot med namerno, naključno in nenamerno posledice.

Volitional action can be affected through the terms and conditions of the world surrounding its agent, but also more intimately through the influence of concrete or abstract aspects of that world that the subject has cognized. Volitional ukrep lahko vpliva na pogoje za svet obdaja njegov zastopnik, pa tudi bolj intimno z vplivom konkretnih ali abstraktnih vidikih, da svet, ki je predmet cognized. The causal concept of influence , and its implication of cognition (of inner or outer information, including emotions), are crucial to measuring the effort involved in volition. Influences make willing easier or harder, yet do not curtail its essential freedom. Vzročno koncepta vpliva in njenih posledic za zaznavanje (notranje ali zunanje informacije, vključno s čustvi), so bistvenega pomena za merjenje prizadevanj pri volji. Influences da bodo lažje ali težje, vendar ne omejevati svojih bistvenih svobode. All the causal concepts used in psychological explanation – affections, appetites, instincts, habits, obsessions, compulsions, urges and impulses – can be elucidated thanks to this important finding. Vse vzročne pojme, uporabljene v psihološka razlaga - affections, želje, instinkti, navade, obsesijami, compulsions poziva in impulze - lahko elucidated hvala za te pomembne ugotovitve. Much of human (and animal) behavior can thus be both acknowledged as volitional and as variously influenced. Veliko ljudi (in živali) vedenje se zato lahko tako priznana kot volitional in različno vplivala.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally resolving philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in psychology. Volji in Allied Vzročna Concepts je delo ambiciozen obseg, namen končno rešitev filozofska in logična vprašanja, ki so vedno ovirajo napredek v psihologiji. It clarifies the structure and workings of the psyche, facilitating hygienic and therapeutic endeavors. To pojasnjuje strukture in delovanja na psiho, olajšanje higiensko in terapevtskih prizadevanj. The relation between volition and physical laws is discussed, as is the place of volition in biology. Razmerje med volji in fizikalnih zakonov je razpravljal, kot je kraja volji v biologiji. Concepts used in biology, analogous to that of purpose, are incidentally analyzed. Pojmi, uporabljeni v biologiji, podobnem tistemu namenu, so analizirali po naključju. Theological issues are also dealt with, as are some topics in ethics and law. Teološka vprašanja so obravnavana tudi, kot so nekatere teme v etiko in pravom.

Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: Sundry notes and essays on Logic. (2005) Ruminations - RUMINATIONS: Razne opombe in esejev o logiki. (2005)

Ruminations is a collection of sundry notes and essays on Logic. Ruminations je zbirka razne opombe in esejev o logiki. These complement and enrich the author's past writings, further analyzing or reviewing certain issues. Te dopolnjujejo in bogatijo avtor's writings preteklosti, nadalje analiziramo ali pregledovanje nekaterih vprašanjih. Among the many topics covered are: the importance of the laws of thought, and how they are applied using the logic of paradox; details of formal logic, including some important new insights on the nesting, merger and splitting up of hypothetical propositions ; details of causal logic, including analogical reasoning from cause to cause; a phenomenological analysis of negation . Med številne teme, zajete, so: pomembnost zakonodaje misli, in kako se uporabljajo z logiko paradoks; podrobnosti formalno logiko, vključno z nekaj pomembnih novih spoznanj o gnezdenje, združitve in delitve iz hipotetično predloge; podrobnosti vzročno logiko, vključno Analogan razlogovanje iz povzroči, da bo povzročil; a Fenomenološki analizo negacije.

Additionally, this volume is used to publish a number of notes and essays previously only posted in the Internet site www.TheLogician.net, including: a thoroughly revised version of an essay on JS Mill's Methods ; various addenda and diagrams for Judaic Logic, as well as a historical essay; a brief analysis of Islamic logic . Poleg tega obsega se objavijo število bankovcev in eseji predhodno objavljeni samo na spletni strani www.TheLogician.net, vključno: a temeljito revidirano različico esej o JS Mill's methods; raznih dodatkov in diagrami za Jevrejski Logic, kot tudi kot zgodovinski esej, kratko analizo islamskih logike.

Meditations - MEDITATIONS: A Spiritual Logbook. ( 2006) Meditations - MEDITATIONS: duhovni dnevnik. (2006)

A meditation is a voluntary exercise intended to increase awareness , sustained over some time. A meditacija se izvaja prostovoljno, namenjenih za povečanje ozaveščenosti, trajna skozi nekaj časa. The main purpose of the present Meditations is to inspire and assist readers to practice meditation of some sort, and in particular 'sitting meditation'. Glavni namen te Meditations je za navdih in pomoč bralcem na praksi meditacije, neke vrste, in zlasti 'Seja meditacija ". This includes practices such as: observing the mechanisms of one's thinking, stopping unnecessary thought, forgetting things about one's self and one's life that are irrelevant to the current effort of meditation, dealing with distractions, becoming aware of one's breath, being here and now. To vključuje prakse, kot so: opazovanje mehanizmov, ene v razmišljanju, ustavljanje nepotrebne misli, pozabljanje stvari o samozavest in eno življenje, ki so nepomembne za trenutni napor meditacije, ki se ukvarja z distractions, ko ugotovi, en dih, da tukaj in zdaj.

After such practice for some time, one gets to realize the value of meditation, and one's commitment to it grows. Po taki praksi za nekaj časa, da se zavedaš, dobimo vrednost za meditacijo, ter ena zaveza, ki mu raste. The need for behavioral improvement becomes more and more obvious, and one finds it easy and natural to put more discipline into one's life. Potrebo za izboljšanje vedenjske postaja vedno bolj očitno, in meni, da je eno enostavno in naravno, da se več discipline v eno življenje. Various recommendations are given in this regard.  Prior to such practical guidance, so as to prepare the reader for it, the book reviews the theoretical teachings relating to meditation in the main traditions of mankind. Različnih priporočil, so podane v tej zvezi. Pred takšne praktične napotke, tako da pripravi bralca na to, recenzije teoretičnega naukom zvezi z meditacijo v glavnih tradicij človeštva. The ultimate goals of meditation, the various methods or techniques used to achieve them, the experiential results of meditation, and the interpretations given to them, are topics treated here. Končni cilji meditacijo, različne metode ali tehnike, ki se uporabljajo za njihovo uresničitev, na izkustveno rezultate meditaciji, in razlag glede na njih, so teme, zdravljenih tukaj.

Logical and Spiritual Reflections - LOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL REFLECTIONS. ( 2008) Logično in duhovni Reflections - Logično in duhovne REFLECTIONS. (2008)

A collection of shorter philosophical works, in two parts. Zbirka krajše filozofska dela, v dveh delih.

The first part, consisting of Logical Reflections, includes: Prvi del, ki je sestavljen iz logičnega razmišljanja, vključuje:

Hume's Problems with Induction , which is intended to describe and refute some of the main doubts and objections David Hume raised with regard to inductive reasoning. Hume's Težave z indukcijsko, ki je namenjena za opisovanje in ovrže nekatere glavne pomisleke in ugovore David Hume obravnavane v zvezi z induktivno razlogovanja. It replaces the so-called problem of induction with a principle of induction. Nadomešča tako imenovano problem indukcije s načela indukcije. David Hume's notorious skepticism was based on errors of observation and reasoning, with regard to induction, causation, necessity, the self and freewill. David Hume's notorne Skepticizam je temeljila na napake opazovanja in argumenti v zvezi z indukcijo, vzročnosti, nujnosti, samozaposlenih in prostovoljno. These are here pointed out and critically analyzed in detail – and more accurate and logical theories are proposed. Te so tukaj opozoril in kritično analizirani podrobno - in bolj natančno in logično teorij so predlagani. The present work also includes refutations of Hempel's and Goodman's alleged paradoxes of induction. Sedanje delo vključuje tudi refutations dne Hempel in Goodman domnevno paradoksi za indukcijo.

A Short Critique of Kant's Unreason , which is a brief critical analysis of some of the salient epistemological and ontological ideas and theses in Immanuel Kant's famous Critique of Pure Reason. A Short kritiko Kant's Nerazumnost, ki je kratek kritično analizo nekatere najpomembnejše epistemological in Ontological idej in ti v Immanuel Kant's slavnega kritika Pure Reason. It shows that Kant was in no position to criticize reason, because he neither sufficiently understood its workings nor had the logical tools needed for the task. To kaže, da je Kant v nobenem položaju za kritiziranje razloga, ker on ni dovolj razumeti njegovo delovanje, niti ni logična orodja, potrebna za izvajanje naloge. Kant's transcendental reality, his analytic-synthetic dichotomy, his views on experience and concept formation, and on the forms of sensibility (space and time) and understanding (his twelve categories), are here all subjected to rigorous logical evaluation and found deeply flawed – and more coherent theories are proposed in their stead. Kant's Transcedentalan realnost, njegovo analitično-sintetična dihotomijo, svoje poglede na izkušnje in koncept nastajanja, in na obrazcih iz občutnost (prostor in čas) in razumevanja (njegova dvanajst kategorij), so tukaj vsi podvrženi strogim logično vrednotenje in našel zelo pomanjkljivo -- in bolj skladen teorije so predlagani na njihovo mesto.

In Defense of Aristotle's Laws of Thought , which addresses, from a phenomenological standpoint, numerous modern and Buddhist objections and misconceptions regarding the basic principles of Aristotelian logic. Many people seem to be attacking Aristotle's Laws of Thought nowadays, some coming from the West and some from the East. V obrambo Aristotle's laws misli, ki jo obravnava, iz Fenomenološki vidika, številne sodobne in budistične in napačnih ugovorov v zvezi z osnovnimi načeli Aristotelian logic. Veliko ljudi se zdi, da so napadi Aristotle's laws misli danes, nekaj prihaja z zahoda, in nekateri od vzhoda. It is important to review and refute such ideas as they arise. Pomembno je, da se pregleda in ovrže take ideje, ko se pojavijo.

The second part, consisting of Spiritual Reflections, includes: Drugi del, ki sestoji iz Duhovne Razmišljanja, vključuje:

More Meditations , which is a sequel to the author's earlier work, Meditations . Več Meditations, ki je nadaljevanje na avtorjeva prejšnja dela, Meditations. It proposes additional practical methods and theoretical insights relating to meditation and Buddhism. Predlaga dodatne praktične metode in teoretična spoznanja v zvezi z meditacijo in budizem. It also discusses certain often glossed over issues relating to Buddhism – notably, historicity, idolatry, messianism, importation to the West. Prav tako pogosto razpravlja o nekaterih glossed več vprašanj v zvezi s budizma - predvsem, historicity, Idolopoklonstvo, messianism, uvoz na zahod.

Zen Judaism , which is a frank reflection on the tensions between reason and faith in today's context of knowledge, and on the need to inject Zen-like meditation into Judaism. Zen judovstva, ki je odkrito razmišljanje o napetosti med razumom in vero je v današnjem kontekstu na znanju, in potrebo, da se injicirajte Zen podobno meditaciji v judovstvu. This work also treats some issues in ethics and theodicy. To dela tudi obravnava nekaterih vprašanj, v etiki in theodicy.

No to Sodom , which is an essay against homosexuality, using biological, psychological, spiritual, ethical and political arguments. Št na Sodome, ki se esej proti homoseksualnosti, z uporabo bioloških, psiholoških, duhovnih, etičnih in političnih argumentov.

Other Writings - Drugo pismo --

Various notes and essays in English and French. Ugotavlja različne in esejev v angleškem in francoskem jeziku. Previews and other temporary postings, .pdf files for download, etc. Predogledi in drugih začasnih napotitev. Pdf datoteke za download, itd