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THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION

© Avi Sion, 1999. All rights reserved.

 

Phase One: Macroanalysis

Chapter 7 -  Reduction of Positive Moods.  

1.    Reduction.  

2.    Reductions in Figure 1. 

3.    Reductions in Figure 2. 

4.    Reductions in Figure 3. 

 

Section 2.   Reductions in Figure 1.

            First, note that ten moods in subfigure 1d have inconsistent premises. Specifically, if the minor premise (which has form P(S)Q) involves a strong determination, then it conflicts with the weak determination(s) of the major premise (which has form Q(P)R).

            For if the minor concerns complete causation, clause (i) of which means that (P + notQ) is impossible - it is incompatible with the major, which implies (P + notQ) is possible, whether it concerns partial causation (see clause (ii) of that) or contingent causation (see clause (iii) of that). Similarly, if the minor concerns necessary causation, clause (i) of which means that (notP + Q) is impossible - it is incompatible with the major, which implies (notP + Q) is possible, whether it concerns partial causation (see clause (iii) of that) or contingent causation (see clause (ii) of that).

Summary of figure 1.

·      30 valid moods:

111-118, 121, 124-125, 128, 131, 134, 136-137, 141, 144, 147-148, 151-152, 155, 161, 163, 166, 171, 174, 181, 184.

·      24 moods without conclusion (nil):

126-127, 135, 138, 145-146, 153-154, 156-158, 162, 164-165, 167-168, 175-178, 185-188.

·      10 impossible moods (**):

122-123, 132-133, 142-143, 172-173, 182-183.

Total of moods = 30 valid and 34 invalid = 64.

 

Table 7.3.  Sources of validity or invalidity in figure 1.

This table may be read as follows: 

yes = element of conclusion (m, n, p or q) are implied by the given premises.

no = element of conclusion (m, n, p or q) are not implied (which does not mean denied) by the given premises.

by = by any sort of reduction to (number of mood used) or MA (matricial analysis).

Elements of conclusions for which matricial analysis is required are shaded.

since = for given premises, if an element of conclusion is valid (yes), then its contrary element is invalid (no).

** = incompatible premises.

nil = no valid conclusion.  

Ref.

Mood #

Elements of conclusion implied?

§1

111

m

n

p

q

major

mn

yes

yes

no

no

minor

mn

by

by

since

since

concl.

mn

155

166

m

n

§2

112

m

n

p

q

major

mn

yes

no

no

yes

minor

mq

by

since

since

by

concl.

mq

155

q

m

118

§2

113

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

yes

yes

no

minor

pn

since

by

by

since

concl.

pn

p

166

117

n

§6

114

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

no

yes

yes

minor

pq

since

since

by

by

concl.

pq

p

q

117

118

§11

115

m

n

p

q

major

mn

yes

no

no

no

minor

m

by

by

since

by

concl.

m

155

112

m

111

§11

116

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

yes

no

no

minor

n

by

by

by

since

concl.

n

113

166

111

n

§17

117

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

no

yes

no

minor

p

since

by

by

by

concl.

p

p

114

MA

113

§17

118

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

no

no

yes

minor

q

by

since

by

by

concl.

q

114

q

112

MA

 

Ref.

Mood #

Elements of conclusion implied?

§3

121

m

n

p

q

major

mq

yes

no

no

yes

minor

mn

by

since

since

by

concl.

mq

155

q

m

181

§4

122

m

n

p

q

major

mq

q of major premise and

minor

mq

m of minor premise

concl.

**

are incompatible

§5

123

m

n

p

q

major

mq

q of major premise and

minor

pn

n of minor premise

concl.

**

are incompatible

§8

124

m

n

p

q

major

mq

no

no

no

yes

minor

pq

by

since

by

by

concl.

q

MA

q

MA

128,184

§13

125

m

n

p

q

major

mq

yes

no

no