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THE LOGIC OF CAUSATION

© Avi Sion, 1999. All rights reserved.

 

Phase One: Macroanalysis

Chapter 7 -  Reduction of Positive Moods.  

1.    Reduction.  

2.    Reductions in Figure 1. 

3.    Reductions in Figure 2. 

4.    Reductions in Figure 3. 

 

Section 3.    Reductions in Figure 2. 

            First, note that six moods in subfigure 2d have inconsistent premises. Specifically, if the minor premise (which has form P(S)Q) involves a strong determination, then it conflicts with any weak determination of same polarity in the major premise (which has form R(P)Q).

            For if the minor concerns complete causation, clause (i) of which means that (P + notQ) is impossible - it is incompatible with the major, which implies (P + notQ) is possible when it concerns partial causation (see clause (ii) of that). Similarly, if the minor concerns necessary causation, clause (i) of which means that (notP + Q) is impossible - it is incompatible with the major, which implies (notP + Q) is possible when it concerns contingent causation (see clause (ii) of that). 

            Additionally, we may directly reduce a number of moods in figure 2 to figure 1, by converting the major premise. This is feasible when the major premise involves only strong causation; i.e. subfigures 2a and 2b are thus reducible respectively to subfigures 1a and 1b. This is not feasible when the major premise involves weak causation, since its conversion results in negation of the complement; which means that subfigures 2c and 2d have to be evaluated relatively independently (i.e. within the same figure, even if possibly through some moods reduced to figure 1). 

Summary of figure 2.

·      18 valid moods:

211-218, 221, 226, 231, 235, 251, 253, 256, 261-262, 265.

·      40 moods without conclusion (nil):

222, 224-225, 227-228, 233-234, 236-238, 241, 244-248, 252, 254-255, 257-258, 263-264, 266-268, 271, 273-278, 281-282, 284-288.

·      6 impossible moods (**):

223, 232, 242-243, 272, 283.

Total of moods = 18 valid and 46 invalid = 64.

 

Table 7.4.   Sources of validity or invalidity in figure 2.

This table may be read as follows: 

yes = element of conclusion (m, n, p or q) are implied by the given premises.

no = element of conclusion (m, n, p or q) are not implied (which does not mean denied) by the given premises.

by = by any sort of reduction to (number of mood used) or MA (matricial analysis).

Elements of conclusions for which matricial analysis is required are shaded.

since = for given premises, if an element of conclusion is valid (yes), then its contrary element is invalid (no).

** = incompatible premises.

nil = no valid conclusion.  

Ref.

Mood #

Elements of conclusion implied?

§1

211

m

n

p

q

major

mn

yes

yes

no

no

minor

mn

by

by

since

since

concl.

mn

111

111

m

n

§2

212

m

n

p

q

major

mn

yes

no

no

yes

minor

mq

by

since

since

by

concl.

mq

112

q

m

112

§2

213

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

yes

yes

no

minor

pn

since

by

by

since

concl.

pn

p

113

113

n

§6

214

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

no

yes

yes

minor

pq

since

since

by

by

concl.

pq

p

q

114

114

§11

215

m

n

p

q

major

mn

yes

no

no

no

minor

m

by

by

since

by

concl.

m

115

115

m

115

§11

216

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

yes

no

no

minor

n

by

by

by

since

concl.

n

116

116

116

n

§17

217

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

no

yes

no

minor

p

since

by

by

by

concl.

p

p

117

117

117

§17

218

m

n

p

q

major

mn

no

no

no

yes

minor

q

by

since

by

by

concl.

q

118

q

118

118

 

Ref.

Mood #

Elements of conclusion implied?

§3

221

m

n

p

q

major

mq

no

yes

no

no

minor

mn

by

by

by

since

concl.

n

MA

256

MA

n

§4

222

m

n

p

q

major

mq

no

no

no

no

minor

mq

by

by

by

by

concl.

nil

MA

MA

MA

MA

§5

223

m

n

p

q

major

mq

q of major premise and

minor

pn

n of minor premise

concl.

**

are incompatible

§8

224

m

n

p

q

major

mq

no

no

no

no

minor

pq

by

by

by

by

concl.