THE
LOGIC OF CAUSATION
©
Avi Sion, 1999. All rights reserved.
Phase One: Macroanalysis
Chapter
7 -
Reduction of Positive Moods.
1.
Reduction.
2.
Reductions in Figure 1.
3.
Reductions in Figure 2.
4.
Reductions in Figure 3.
Section
4.
Reductions in Figure 3.
First, note that ten moods in subfigure 3d have inconsistent premises.
Specifically, if the minor premise (which has form Q(S)P) involves a strong
determination, then it conflicts with the weak determination(s) of the major
premise (which has form Q(P)R).
For if the minor concerns complete causation, clause (i) of which means
that (notP + Q) is impossible - it is incompatible with the major, which implies
(notP + Q) is possible, whether it concerns partial causation (see clause (iii)
of that) or contingent causation (see clause (ii) of that). Similarly, if the
minor concerns necessary causation, clause (i) of which means that (P + notQ) is
impossible - it is incompatible with the major, which implies (P + notQ) is
possible, whether it concerns partial causation (see clause (ii) of that) or
contingent causation (see clause (iii) of that).
Additionally, we may directly reduce a number of moods in figure 3 to
figure 1, by converting the minor premise. This is feasible when the minor
premise involves only strong causation; i.e. subfigures 3a and 3c are thus
reducible respectively to subfigures 1a and 1c. This is not feasible when the
minor premise involves weak causation, since its conversion results in negation
of the complement; which means that subfigures 3b and 3d have to be evaluated
relatively independently (i.e. within the same figure, even if possibly through
some moods reduced to figure 1).
Summary of figure 3.
·
18 valid moods:
311-313,
315-316, 321, 326, 331, 335, 341, 351, 353, 356, 361-362, 365, 371, 381.
·
36 moods without conclusion
(nil):
314, 317-318,
324-325, 327-328, 334, 336-338, 344-348, 352, 354-355, 357-358, 363-364,
366-368, 374-378, 384-388.
·
10 impossible moods
(**):
322-323,
332-333, 342-343, 372-373, 382-383.
Total of moods = 18 valid and 46 invalid
= 64.
|
Table
7.5. Sources
of validity or invalidity in figure 3.
|
This table may be read as follows:
yes
= element of conclusion (m, n, p or q) are implied
by the given premises.
no
= element of conclusion (m, n, p or q) are not
implied (which does not mean denied) by the given premises.
by
= by any sort of reduction to (number of mood used) or MA
(matricial analysis).
Elements of
conclusions for which matricial analysis is required are shaded.
since
= for given premises, if an element of conclusion is valid (yes), then its
contrary element is invalid (no).
**
= incompatible premises.
nil
= no valid conclusion.
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§1
|
311
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
yes
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
mn
|
111
|
111
|
m
|
n
|
|
§2
|
312
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
n
|
MA
|
365
|
MA
|
n
|
|
§2
|
313
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
m
|
356
|
MA
|
m
|
MA
|
|
§6
|
314
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
|
§11
|
315
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
n
|
116
|
116
|
116
|
n
|
|
§11
|
316
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
m
|
115
|
115
|
m
|
115
|
|
§17
|
317
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
314
|
313
|
313
|
313
|
|
§17
|
318
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
312
|
314
|
312
|
312
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§3
|
321
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
yes
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
by
|
since
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
mq
|
121
|
q
|
m
|
121
|
|
§4
|
322
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
q
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
m
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§5
|
323
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
q
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
n
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§8
|
324
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
|
§13
|
325
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
126
|
126
|
126
|
126
|
|
§14
|
326
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
Q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
No
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
m
|
125
|
125
|
m
|
125
|
|
§19
|
327
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
Q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
No
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
|
§20
|
328
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
Q
|
|
major
|
mq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
No
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§3
|
331
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
Q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
no
|
yes
|
yes
|
No
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
since
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
pn
|
p
|
131
|
131
|
N
|
|
§5
|
332
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
p
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
m
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§4
|
333
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
p
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
n
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§8
|
334
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
|
§14
|
335
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
n
|
136
|
136
|
136
|
n
|
|
§13
|
336
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
135
|
135
|
135
|
135
|
|
§20
|
337
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
|
§19
|
338
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pn
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§7
|
341
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
no
|
no
|
yes
|
yes
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
since
|
since
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
pq
|
p
|
q
|
141
|
141
|
|
§9
|
342
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
p
and q of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
m
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§9
|
343
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
p
and q of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
n
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§10
|
344
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
MA
|
|
§23
|
345
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
146
|
146
|
146
|
146
|
|
§23
|
346
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
145
|
145
|
145
|
145
|
|
§25
|
347
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
344
|
344
|
344
|
344
|
|
§25
|
348
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
pq
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
344
|
344
|
344
|
344
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§12
|
351
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
m
|
151
|
151
|
m
|
151
|
|
§15
|
352
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
312
|
MA
|
312
|
312
|
|
§16
|
353
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
m
|
356
|
313
|
m
|
313
|
|
§24
|
354
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
314
|
314
|
314
|
314
|
|
§27
|
355
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
156
|
156
|
156
|
156
|
|
§28
|
356
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
m
|
155
|
155
|
m
|
155
|
|
§29
|
357
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
314
|
313
|
313
|
313
|
|
§30
|
358
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
m
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
312
|
314
|
312
|
312
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§12
|
361
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
n
|
161
|
161
|
161
|
n
|
|
§16
|
362
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
n
|
312
|
365
|
312
|
n
|
|
§15
|
363
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
MA
|
313
|
313
|
313
|
|
§24
|
364
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
314
|
314
|
314
|
314
|
|
§28
|
365
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
since
|
|
concl.
|
n
|
166
|
166
|
166
|
n
|
|
§27
|
366
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
165
|
165
|
165
|
165
|
|
§30
|
367
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
314
|
313
|
313
|
313
|
|
§29
|
368
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
n
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
312
|
314
|
312
|
312
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§18
|
371
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
no
|
no
|
yes
|
no
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
since
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
p
|
p
|
171
|
171
|
171
|
|
§21
|
372
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
p
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
m
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§22
|
373
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
p
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
n
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§26
|
374
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
|
§31
|
375
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
176
|
176
|
176
|
176
|
|
§32
|
376
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
175
|
175
|
175
|
175
|
|
§33
|
377
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
|
§34
|
378
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
p
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
334
|
|
Ref.
|
Mood
#
|
Elements
of conclusion implied?
|
|
§18
|
381
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
yes
|
|
minor
|
mn
|
by
|
since
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
q
|
181
|
q
|
181
|
181
|
|
§22
|
382
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
q
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
mq
|
m
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§21
|
383
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
q
of major premise and
|
|
minor
|
pn
|
n
of minor premise
|
|
concl.
|
**
|
are
incompatible
|
|
§26
|
384
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
pq
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
|
§32
|
385
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
m
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
186
|
186
|
186
|
186
|
|
§31
|
386
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
n
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
185
|
185
|
185
|
185
|
|
§34
|
387
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
p
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
|
§33
|
388
|
m
|
n
|
p
|
q
|
|
major
|
q
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
no
|
|
minor
|
q
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
by
|
|
concl.
|
nil
|
324
|
324
|
324
|
324
|